Papers - NISHIOKA Kensuke
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Our recent approaches for Si tandem solar cell modules for solar-powered vehicles Reviewed
Yamaguchi M., Nakamura K., Ozaki R., Kojima N., Ohshita Y., Takamoto T., Juso H., Ota Y., Araki K., Nishioka K., Iwasaki S., Nakado T., Mabuchi T., Okumura K.
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 297 2026.4
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
Solar-powered electric vehicle (Solar-EV) applications are very attractive for CO<inf>2</inf> emission reduction and creation of new market. The Si tandem solar cells are very promising as VIPV (vehicle integrated photovoltaic) modules because of high-efficiency and low-cost potential. This paper presents our recent results for new world record efficiency (33.7 %) mechanically stacked 4-terminal InGaP/GaAs/Si 3-junction tandem solar cell module with an area of 775 cm<sup>2</sup>. This paper also presents loss analytical results for losses of various solar cell modules and estimation of solar-EV installed with various solar cell modules such as III-V/Si 3-junction, perovskite/Si 2-junction tandem cell modules, Si, GaAs, CdTe, and perovskite single-junction solar cell modules. Under average solar irradiation with 4 kWh/m<sup>2/</sup>day, solar-EV installed with our 3-junction Si tandem solar cell modules have longer driving range potential of about 28 km/day compared to 25.4 km/day, 21.6 km/day and 15.9 km/day for solar-EV installed with perovskite/Si 2-junction, Si and perovskite single-junction solar cell modules. Regarding perovskite and perovskite/Si tandem solar cell modules, development of high-efficiency, highly reliable and large-area modules is suggested to be essential for vehicle applications. In this paper, thermal degradation rates for perovskite and perovskite/Si tandem solar cell modules were compared with those of Si, III-V multi-junction and III-V/Si tandem solar cell modules.
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Internal inspection of 3D-curved PV modules using non-destructive techniques Reviewed
Kaiki Matsubayashi, Daisuke Sato, Kenji Araki, Hiroyuki Satoh, Kensuke Nishioka
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 301 114327 2026.3
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
The rise of sustainable communication networks marks a transformative era in connecting our world, and non-terrestrial networks (NTN), especially high-altitude platform stations (HAPS), are at the forefront of this revolution. These innovative systems are not only vital for emergency communications and reaching remote areas, but they also embody our collective commitment to a sustainable and resilient future. Our groundbreaking study introduces an advanced energy simulation algorithm for HAPS, meticulously accounting for environmental factors that influence photovoltaic power generation. By modeling energy consumption across various flight phases, our findings reveal that solar energy production varies with time and location, with westward evening flights demonstrating peak efficiency. A comprehensive three-day simulation near Miyazaki Airport validates the extraordinary potential of HAPS, inspiring confidence in their practical application. Contrary to conventional beliefs that PV outputs remain stable at high altitudes due to minimal cloud cover, our measurements uncovered remarkable fluctuations shaped by curved-shaped behavior. We have successfully modeled this unusual phenomenon using sophisticated tensor-vector computation, paving the way for more reliable and efficient PV system designs.
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Sin Pyae Pyae Shwe, Yadai Tomohiro, Yamamura Hiroshi, Suzuki Yoshihiro, Ota Yasuyuki, Nishioka Kensuke
Applied Sciences 16 ( 5 ) 2622 2026.3
Authorship：Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：MDPI AG
Hydrogen production via water electrolysis using desalinated seawater offers a sustainable energy solution and has attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, its efficiency depends heavily on the quality of water. Many studies have not explored the relationship between treated water quality and hydrogen generation efficiency at each stage of the seawater desalination process. This study examines a three-step seawater desalination process comprising softening with ballasted flocculation (SBF) as a pretreatment, reverse osmosis (RO) as the main desalination step, and ion exchange as a polishing step to provide high-quality water for electrolysis. Water from each purification stage was supplied to the electrolyzer to compare the impact on water quality and hydrogen generation efficiency. The SBF process removed magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) from seawater, as well as turbidity and bacteria, but hydrogen production via water electrolysis continued for no more than 10 h. However, when feeding RO water and RO water processed by ion exchange after the SBF process, hydrogen was generated stably and continuously for 70 h, achieving high efficiency comparable to that of commercial pure water. High production of green hydrogen by water electrolysis is possible through RO seawater desalination combined with SBF pretreatment.
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Araki K., Komoto K., Tanaka M., Ota Y., Nishioka K.
Applied Sciences Switzerland 16 ( 5 ) 2026.3
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Applied Sciences Switzerland
Featured Application: This technology is expected to be applied to vehicle-integrated photovoltaic systems and to policies for natural-disaster resilience. This study examines the potential contribution of Solar Electric Vehicles (SEVs) and Vehicle-Integrated Photovoltaics (VIPV) to disaster-related energy resilience through a probabilistic modeling framework. While previous research has highlighted the technical feasibility of EV-based support for microgrids and emergency facilities, it has paid limited attention to the behavioral uncertainty surrounding voluntary energy sharing by EV owners. To address this gap, we develop a Monte Carlo simulation model that integrates technical constraints, solar-generation variability, and heterogeneous participation probabilities to evaluate whether SEVs can sustain essential loads during prolonged outages. The analysis focuses on a worst-case scenario in which external lifelines are disrupted for seven days. Results indicate that approximately 450–1000 SEVs within a 5 km radius are required to maintain a continuous power supply, with BEVs requiring roughly twice as many units due to the absence of onboard PV generation. The findings highlight the sensitivity of resilience outcomes to user behavior and spatial vehicle distribution, underscoring the need for incentive mechanisms to encourage participation. Key limitations include simplified behavioral assumptions, region-specific irradiance conditions, and the exclusion of mobility constraints. Overall, the study provides a quantitative foundation for integrating SEVs into resilience planning while emphasizing the importance of social dynamics in determining real-world feasibility.
DOI： 10.3390/app16052566
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Development of total energy simulator for high altitude platform station operation Reviewed
Mukai N., Araki K., Nishioka K., Okada K., Ota Y.
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 296 2026.3
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
The rise of sustainable communication networks marks a transformative era in connecting our world, and non-terrestrial networks (NTN), especially high-altitude platform stations (HAPS), are at the forefront of this revolution. These innovative systems are not only vital for emergency communications and reaching remote areas, but they also embody our collective commitment to a sustainable and resilient future. Our groundbreaking study introduces an advanced energy simulation algorithm for HAPS, meticulously accounting for environmental factors that influence photovoltaic power generation. By modeling energy consumption across various flight phases, our findings reveal that solar energy production varies with time and location, with westward evening flights demonstrating peak efficiency. A comprehensive three-day simulation near Miyazaki Airport validates the extraordinary potential of HAPS, inspiring confidence in their practical application. Contrary to conventional beliefs that PV outputs remain stable at high altitudes due to minimal cloud cover, our measurements uncovered remarkable fluctuations shaped by curved-shaped behavior. We have successfully modeled this unusual phenomenon using sophisticated tensor-vector computation, paving the way for more reliable and efficient PV system designs.
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Araki K., Konuma T., Tanaka M., Ota Y., Sakamoto S., Nishioka K.
Applied Sciences Switzerland 16 2850 2026.3
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Applied Sciences Switzerland
Featured Application: PV applications to heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), including trucks. The decarbonization of the transportation sector necessitates the adoption of practical measures that can be implemented within existing fleets. One such measure is the installation of solar panels on trucks, which has shown potential to reduce fuel consumption in heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). This study presents lessons learned from a monitoring project involving 200 commercial trucks retrofitted with 300–500 W solar panels, aimed at supplementing battery charging and minimizing alternator operation. The system incorporated commercially available flexible photovoltaic (PV) modules, adhesive mounting techniques, a charge controller, and a data logger housed within a control box. Documentation covered installation procedures, wiring practices, and safety considerations across various truck models, with additional insights from electrical contractors regarding labor time and costs. Results indicate that adhesive-based mounting can be carried out safely and reliably without structural modifications, although wiring and control box placement constitute the most significant portions of the installation process. The project further identified variability in installation duration and economic viability, depending on vehicle configuration and technician expertise. Overall, the findings affirm that vehicle-integrated photovoltaic (VIPV) retrofits are both technically feasible and operationally robust. They also underscore the practical requirements, constraints, and workforce considerations essential for scaling deployment within commercial fleets.
DOI： 10.3390/app16062850
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Mukai Naoki, Ota Yasuyuki, Nishioka Kensuke, Takayanagi Yoshiki, Araki Kenji
Applied Sciences 16 ( 5 ) 2183 2026.2
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：MDPI AG
In the long-duration stratospheric operation of High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPSs), strict management of the limited solar energy balance is a decisive factor determining mission success. However, existing planar approximation models ignore self-shading and incidence angle losses associated with curved surfaces. In this study, we propose a novel framework that catalogs the airframe geometry as a 4-tensor, achieving both physical rigor and computational speed. This method is a thousand times faster than ray tracing methods, and successfully reproduces the minute output fluctuations observed in actual flight data. Notably, in the winter solstice analysis, when the energy balance is most severe, the planar model overestimates power generation by approximately 25% during level flight and by approximately 12% even during turning maneuvers. Quantifying this discrepancy in environments with minimal energy margins is essential for mitigating the risk of airframe loss and formulating feasible operational plans.
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Realizing a thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 10% with long-term stability in a kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S1−xSex)4single-leg device Reviewed International coauthorship
Nagaoka A., Miura S., Nomoto K., Chen K., Sato N., Yoshino K., Nishioka K.
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 14 ( 12 ) 6846 - 6857 2026.2
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Materials Chemistry A
The application of thermoelectric (TE) technology, contributing to carbon neutrality by the recovery of global waste heat, is hindered by low conversion efficiencies and high costs, demonstrating a strong demand for high-performance TE materials with environmentally friendly characteristics. Multinary Cu<inf>2</inf>ZnSnS<inf>4</inf> (CZTS)-based materials have attracted considerable attention for TE power generation owing to their cost-effectiveness and earth-abundant features. However, their dimensionless figure of merit (ZT), which is the critical measure of TE performance, is relatively lower than that of other TE-material-based systems. Herein, we report the discovery of p-type Cu<inf>2</inf>ZnSn(S<inf>1−x</inf>Se<inf>x</inf>)<inf>4</inf> (CZTSSe) single crystals with a record-high ZT of 1.9 at 800 K and high TE conversion efficiency of ∼10% at a temperature difference of 473 K with long-term stability over 1000 h. The exceptional performance originates from a high power factor and intrinsically low thermal conductivity owing to the pseudo-cubic structure, alkali element doping, and short-range lattice distortion. This study demonstrates the potential of CZTS-based TE materials for intermediate-temperature TE harvesting.
DOI： 10.1039/d5ta08640j
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Vehicle-integrated photovoltaic using a tandem solar cell: spectrum mismatching loss examined by a road test Reviewed
Kenji Araki, Yasuyuki Ota, Tatsuya Takamoto, Daisuke Sato, Kensuke Nishioka
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 295 114009 2026.1
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Oshimo T., Motomura Y., Tabata K., Yamada T., Aonuki S., Ochiai N., Suzuki Y., Kashiwakura K., Toriumi Y., Takahashi M., Suzuki J., Aoyama R., Uchida S., Akahane K., Nishioka K., Asami M., Arai M.
Physica Status Solidi A Applications and Materials Science 223 ( 2 ) 2026.1
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Physica Status Solidi A Applications and Materials Science
Herein, InGaAsP photovoltaic devices are fabricated for 1.06 μm band optical wireless power transmission. The fabrication process incorporates multi-junctions through the introduction of tunnel junctions, an increase in the thickness of the surface electrode, and an outer circular electrode. The epitaxial layers are grown via the metal–organic vapor-phase epitaxy method. Multi-junctions are realized via the utilization of Type II tunnel junctions. Results show that an increase in the thickness of the photoresist results in the fabrication of a thicker electrode. The implementation of an outer circular electrode results in a maximum power conversion efficiency that exceeds 44% at a laser irradiation intensity of 1.5 W cm<sup>−2</sup>.
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Araki K., Ota Y., Matsushita S., Tsuji R., Nishioka K.
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 294 2026.1
Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
Photovoltaic (PV) modules are crucial power sources for automobiles. The fragility of solar cells and frequent vibrations and impacts experienced by car bodies pose significant risks to the reliability of vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPV). Standard PV module designs use soft resins, such as Ethylen-Vinyl Acetate (EVA), to dampen vibrations; however, these materials are ineffective at the higher vibration frequencies encountered in in-vehicle applications. This study employed a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) to nondestructively detect cell vibrations and confirm the resonant frequency of solar cells in VIPV modules. This research aims to determine whether the LDV method can detect the independent vibration motion of a solar cell if the solar cells resonate independently within the module, and whether the resonance frequency is close to the natural resonant frequency of the structure. This study also explored the potential of designing resonance-resistant VIPV modules. These findings indicate that the LDV can detect the resonance of solar cells within the vibration frequency range of car roofs. Owing to the low damping factors, the solar cells vibrate independently of the glass cover, with the vibration energy at resonance reaching up to 20 times the normal level. This mechanical resonance poses a substantial threat to the reliability of the VIPV. The study concluded that while eliminating the source of vibration is impractical, making the structure less susceptible to vibration through design modifications is a viable solution, increasing the natural resonance frequency above 2000 Hz.
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Effect of solar illumination on InGaAsP photovoltaic cell for optical wireless power transmission using 1000-nm-range light source Reviewed
AONUKI Sho, OSHIMO Takaya, TABATA Kotona, YAMADA Takeru, SUZUKI Junichi, AOYAMA Reo, UCHIDA Shiro, AKAHANE Koichi, OCHIAI Natsuha, SUZUKI Yukiko, KASHIWAKURA Kazuto, NISHIOKA Kensuke, ARAI Masakazu, TORIUMI Yohei, TAKAHASHI Madoka
Proceedings of JSES conference 2025 ( 0 ) 253 - 256 2025.11
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Solar Energy Society
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Aonuki S., Oshimo T., Tabata K., Yamada T., Suzuki J., Aoyama R., Uchida S., Akahane K., Ochiai N., Suzuki Y., Kashiwakura K., Nishioka K., Arai M., Toriumi Y., Takahashi M.
IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 72 ( 12 ) 6829 - 6835 2025.10
Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
We fabricated a single-junction InGaAsP laser power converter (LPC) with an active area of 1 cm2 for 1064 nm laser applications using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. To suppress series resistance (RS) losses under high-power laser irradiation, an 11-μm-Thick Au/Ag surface electrode with a width of 23 μm and a shadowing loss of 7% was formed by electroplating. The device exhibited the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 0.909 at 1065 nm and a temperature coefficient of 0.22%rel.K1. The fill factor (FF) exhibited a maximum of 76.9% at 3.0 W_cm-2, attributed to the thick surface electrode. The RS was calculated to be 1:3 × 10-2 ω cm2 by fitting the JV curves under 4.0 W_cm 2 irradiation using a onediode model. This result corresponds to an approximately 19% reduction relative to that of the previously reported InGaAsP LPC with a 3.2-μm-Thick Au/Ag electrode and an active area of 0.06 mm2. A conversion efficiency (η) of 42.0% and an FF of 76.7% were achieved in the singlejunction InGaAsP LPC with an active area of 1 cm2 under 4.0 W_cm-2. To the best of our knowledge, these represent the highest reported values for any single-junction LPC designed for 1064 nm lasers with an active area ≤ 1 cm2. Power loss analysis revealed that the RS caused FF and ≤ losses of 3.9%abs. and 2.1%abs.at 4.0 W_cm-2, respectively. The obtained FF to that in the theoretical limit ratio implied that the thick surface electrode enhanced the high laser irradiation resistance. This technique can be applied to any other LPCs to mitigate the FF degradation under high laser irradiation. .
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Rating vehicle-integrated photovoltaics: power and energy loss by curved surface Reviewed
Araki K., Matsushita S., Ota Y., Iwasaki S., Hosokawa Y., Nishioka K.
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 292 2025.10
Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of a demonstration of a curved photovoltaic module on a vehicle, reproducing unusual power output behaviors through modeling and measurement with 840 W III–V multi-junction solar cells. A demonstration drive test conducted on public roads offered valuable insights into the performance of these solar cells under real-world conditions. Additionally, the research highlights the impact of curved surfaces on power output. The findings from the public road tests validate the simulation models used to predict power output from curved vehicle-integrated photovoltaic systems. This study concludes with a discussion on energy yield across various climates and shading environments, providing a comprehensive understanding of the potential and challenges of integrating solar cells into curved vehicle bodies.
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Oshimo T., Motomura Y., Tabata K., Yamada T., Aonuki S., Ochiai N., Suzuki Y., Kashiwakura K., Toriumi Y., Takahashi M., Suzuki J., Aoyama R., Uchida S., Akahane K., Nishioka K., Asami M., Arai M.
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 1 Regular Papers and Short Notes and Review Papers 64 ( 10 ) 2025.10
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 1 Regular Papers and Short Notes and Review Papers
We investigated the electrode thickness dependence of InGaAsP photovoltaic devices for 1.06 μm range optical wireless power transmission. Epitaxial layers were grown using metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy. Thick-front electrodes were formed using electrolytic plating and the liftoff technique. We investigated the current–voltage characteristics under 1064 nm laser irradiation and confirmed that the thick electrode is effective in decreasing the series resistance and improving the fill factor, especially under high-intensity laser irradiation. The maximum power conversion efficiency exceeded 35% at 3.3 W cm<sup>−2</sup> laser power density.
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Matsushita S., Araki K., Ota Y., Nishioka K.
Applied Sciences Switzerland 15 ( 15 ) 2025.8
Authorship：Last author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Applied Sciences Switzerland
The output of vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPVs) varies due to complex surface interactions, shading, weather conditions, module temperature, and module configuration, making accurate predictions of power generation challenging. This study examines the characteristics of incident light on VIPVs, focusing on installations on automobile roofs and hoods. Surface element data were collected from areas near the target locations (hood and roof), with shading effects taken into account. The calculations evaluated how the angle of incoming light impacts the intensity on specific parts of the vehicle, identifying which surfaces are most likely to receive maximum illumination. For example, the hood exhibited the highest incident light intensity when sunlight approached directly from the front at a solar altitude of 71°, reaching approximately 98% of the light intensity. These calculations enable the assessment of incident light intensity characteristics for various vehicle parts, including the hood and roof. Additionally, by utilizing database information, it is possible to calculate the incident light on vehicle surfaces at any given time and location.
DOI： 10.3390/app15158702
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Nakashima K., Miura S., Ienaga H., Nomoto K., Yoshino K., Nishioka K., Nagaoka A.
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1033 2025.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Alloys and Compounds
Chalcopyrite compounds are promising thermoelectric (TE) materials owing to their excellent performance. Adopting a pseudocubic structure is a key strategy to improve the TE performance as it increases the degeneracy at the valence band edge. Herein, the TE properties of a II-IV-V<inf>2</inf> group, p-type ZnSnAs<inf>2</inf> chalcopyrite with a pseudocubic structure are systematically investigated. Polycrystalline, single phase, stoichiometric ZnSnAs<inf>2</inf> was obtained at growth temperatures above 700 ºC. The TE properties of ZnSnAs<inf>2</inf> depended on its intrinsic defect concentration, which was influenced by its Zn/Sn ratios. A high power factor value of 2890 μW/mK<sup>2</sup> was obtained in Zn-poor Zn<inf>0.9</inf>Sn<inf>1.1</inf>As<inf>2</inf> at 373 K. The TE figure of merit for the off-stoichiometric ZnSnAs<inf>2</inf> reached 0.1 at 573 K. Consequently, a maximum TE conversion efficiency of ∼1 % at a temperature gradient of 300 K was demonstrated for a ZnSnAs<inf>2</inf>-based single-leg device. These results can accelerate the development of TE technologies for low-energy harvesting.
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Enhancing Power Factor in n-type Chalcopyrite CdSnAs2 Thermoelectrics via Supercooled Solidification Reviewed
Kishida S., Okamoto N.L., Katsube R., Nagaoka A., Sumiyoshi I., Nishioka K., Ichitsubo T., Nose Y.
ACS Applied Energy Materials 8 ( 11 ) 7475 - 7482 2025.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ACS Applied Energy Materials
The practical application of thermoelectric (TE) materials is often limited by the relatively underdeveloped performance of n-type materials compared to their p-type counterparts. Chalcopyrite CdSnAs<inf>2</inf> is a promising n-type semiconductor for thermoelectric applications owing to its narrow bandgap around 0.3 eV and exceptionally high electron mobility of 10<sup>3</sup>-10<sup>4</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. In this study, we investigated the crystal growth, microstructure, and thermoelectric properties of CdSnAs<inf>2</inf>. Contrary to conventional understanding of unidirectional melt growth, CdSnAs<inf>2</inf> samples grown at higher cooling rates exhibited better crystallinity, whereas some cracks were observed in those cooled more slowly. Thermal analyses revealed that a phase transition from sphalerite to chalcopyrite occurred after solidification in slowly cooled samples, resulting in the formation of dislocations and cracks due to lattice mismatch between the phases. In contrast, rapid cooling induced supercooling, which lowered the solidification temperature and enabled the phase transition to occur in the presence of a residual liquid phase, thereby leading to a more favorable microstructure. As a result, the sample grown at the highest cooling rate (7.6 K min<sup>-1</sup>) achieved an ultrahigh power factor of 3180 μW m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-2</sup> at 600 K and a peak ZT of 0.59 at 682 K. The power factor of CdSnAs<inf>2</inf> surpasses that of conventional binary n-type TE materials such as SnSe and PbTe, underscoring its strong potential for intermediate-temperature thermoelectric applications.
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Future vision for photovoltaics Invited Reviewed
Nishioka Kensuke
JSAP Review 2025 ( 0 ) 250302 2025.4
Authorship：Lead author, Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：公益社団法人 応用物理学会
Photovoltaics is one of the most promising technologies among renewable energies. There is a strong push for the further spread of photovoltaic technology as a primary source of electricity and the development of new applications. Based on the empirical results, new applications and future vision for photovoltaic technology will be discussed, focusing on solar carport, wall-mounted photovoltaics, and agrivoltaics.
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Future vision of photovoltaics Invited Reviewed
NISHIOKA Kensuke
Oyo Buturi 94 ( 4 ) 193 - 196 2025.4
Authorship：Lead author, Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Society of Applied Physics
Photovoltaic is one of the most promising technologies among renewable energies, and there is a strong desire for the further spread of photovoltaic as a primary source of electricity and the development of new applications. Based on the empirical results, new applications and future vision of photovoltaic will be explained, focusing on solar carport, wall-mounted photovoltaic, and agri-voltaic.