Papers - SHINOHARA Akio
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Myoglobin primary structure reveals multiple convergent transitions to semi-aquatic life in the world’s smallest mammalian divers Reviewed International coauthorship
He K., Eastman T.G., Czolacz H., Li S., Shinohara A., Kawada S.I., Springer M.S., Berenbrink M., Campbell K.L.
eLife 10 2021.5
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：eLife
The speciose mammalian order Eulipotyphla (moles, shrews, hedgehogs, solenodons) combines an unusual diversity of semi-aquatic, semi-fossorial, and fossorial forms that arose from terrestrial forbearers. However, our understanding of the ecomorphological pathways leading to these lifestyles has been confounded by a fragmentary fossil record, unresolved phylogenetic relationships, and potential morphological convergence, calling for novel approaches. The net surface charge of the oxygen-storing muscle protein myoglobin (ZMb ), which can be readily determined from its primary structure, provides an objective target to address this question due to mechanistic linkages with myoglobin concentration. Here, we generate a comprehensive 71 species molecular phylogeny that resolves previously intractable intra-family relationships and then ancestrally reconstruct ZMb evolution to identify ancient lifestyle transitions based on protein sequence alone. Our phylogenetically informed analyses confidently resolve fossorial habits having evolved twice in talpid moles and reveal five independent secondary aquatic transitions in the order housing the world’s smallest endothermic divers.
DOI： 10.7554/eLife.66797
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Daily Torpor Induced by Food Restriction in the Chinese Hamster, Cricetulus griseus Reviewed
Mika Masaki, Yuki Suetsugi, Chihiro Koshimoto, Tetsuo Morita, Akio Shinohara
Mammal Study 50 ( 3 ) 2025.4
Authorship：Last author, Corresponding author Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Spontaneous daily torpor observed in the greater long-tailed hamster (<i>Tsherskia triton</i>) Reviewed
Masaki Mika, Morita Tetsuo, Koshimoto Chihiro, Shinohara Akio
Honyurui Kagaku (Mammalian Science) 65 ( 1 ) 9 - 17 2025.2
Authorship：Last author, Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Mammal Society of Japan
To overcome severe environmental conditions such as cold or food shortage, many small mammals utilize hibernation or daily torpor. Hamsters (subfamily Cricetinae) are a well-known group using hibernation and daily torpor. Interestingly, among hamsters, hibernators tend to have relatively larger body sizes. In contrast, species that use daily torpor have a small body size, although some hamsters still remain unknown in torpor characteristics. In this study, we attempted to induce torpor in the greater long-tailed hamster (<i>Tscherskia triton</i>), which has a large body size among hamsters, by exposing them to condition that mimic winter (short photoperiod 8L:16D and low temperature 5°C). We successfully observed a spontaneous decrease in body temperature, and the duration of the torpor bout did not exceed 24 hours. Therefore, it was revealed for the first time that the greater long-tailed hamster is a heterothermic mammal that utilizes spontaneous daily torpor.
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Ishiniwa H., Okano T., Endoh D., Hirayama H., Yoshioka A., Yokohata Y., Shindo J., Koshimoto C., Shinohara A., Sakamoto S.H., Tamaoki M., Onuma M.
Scientific Reports 14 ( 1 ) 29706 2024.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Scientific Reports
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident caused the release of large amounts of radioactive material into the environment. Radiation from radionuclides cause DNA lesions, mainly via oxidation, which adversely affect wild organisms by damaging their germ cells. Here, we investigated the effects of radiation on the reproductive organs of Japanese field mice (Apodemus speciosus) by estimating the dose rate of radiation exposure, the accumulation of DNA lesions, and the expression of DNA repair enzymes. In highly contaminated areas, mouse testes received a radiation dose rate > 0.1 mGy/d. According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection, there is a very low probability of effects in the reference rat species at this exposure level. The results of the current study do not definitively conclude that the expression of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 and superoxide dismutase in mouse testes increase with dose rate and lifetime dose. However, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine accumulation increases in a dose rate- and lifetime dose-dependent manner in mouse testes, but is not observed in the sperm of the cauda epididymis. These results suggest that, although DNA lesions occurred in male germ cells of Fukushima mice, most were successfully repaired by DNA repair enzymes at the observed gene expression level.
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Optimization of inhaled anesthesia for <i>Octodon degus</i> using electroencephalography
IKAI Yuki, NAGURA-KATO Goro A., SAKAMOTO Shinsuke H., SHINOHARA Akio, KOSHIMOTO Chihiro
Experimental Animals advpub ( 0 ) 93 - 103 2024.8
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science
Physiological responses to inhaled anesthetics vary among species. Therefore, a precise anesthetic technique is important for each individual species. In this study, we focused on the degu (<i>Octodon degus</i>), a small herbivorous rodent. Degus have recently begun to be used as laboratory models for brain research because of certain human-like characteristics, such as spontaneous development of Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we evaluated appropriate induction and maintenance anesthesia conditions for isoflurane and sevoflurane in degus by a stimulation test, electroencephalography (EEG), minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), and vital signs. During induction, more rapid time to loss of the righting reflex and deeper anesthesia in degus were observed in isoflurane. The MAC value for degus were 1.75 ± 0.0% in isoflurane and 2.25 ± 0.27% in sevoflurane. Whereas some degus were awake during maintenance anesthesia using both anesthetics at concentrations of ≤2%, no rats were awake when using sevoflurane at a concentration of 2%. The duration of the total flat EEG, a measure of the depth of maintenance anesthesia, was longer for isoflurane than for sevoflurane. Furthermore, higher concentrations of both anesthetics suppressed the respiratory rate in degus. These new findings regarding inhalation anesthesia in degus will contribute to future developments in the fields of laboratory animals and veterinary medicine.
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Uno Y, Matsubara K, Inoue J, Inazawa J, Shinohara A, Koshimoto C, Ichiyanagi K, Matsuda Y
Cytogenetic and genome research 163 ( 1-2 ) 42 - 51 2023.11
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Cytogenetic and Genome Research
Constitutive heterochromatin, consisting of repetitive sequences, diverges very rapidly; therefore, its nucleotide sequences and chromosomal distributions are often largely different, even between closely related species. The chromosome C-banding patterns of two Gerbillinae species, Meriones unguiculatus and Gerbillus perpallidus, vary greatly, even though they belong to the same subfamily. To understand the evolution of C-positive heterochromatin in these species, we isolated highly repetitive sequences, determined their nucleotide sequences, and characterized them using chromosomal and filter hybridization. We obtained a centromeric repeat (MUN-HaeIII) and a chromosome 13-specific repeat (MUN-EcoRI) from M. unguiculatus. We also isolated a centromeric/ pericentromeric repeat (GPE-MBD) and an interspersed-type repeat that was predominantly amplified in the X and Y chromosomes (GPE-EcoRI) from G. perpallidus. GPE-MBD was found to contain a 17-bp motif that is essential for binding to the centromere-associated protein CENP-B. This indicates that it may play a role in the formation of a specified structure and/or function of centromeres. The nucleotide sequences of the three sequence families, except GPE-EcoRI, were conserved only in Gerbillinae. GPE-EcoRI was derived from the long interspersed nuclear elements 1 retrotransposon and showed sequence homology throughout Muridae and Cricetidae species, indicating that the repeat sequence occurred at least in the common ancestor of Muridae and Cricetidae. Due to a lack of assembly data of highly repetitive sequences constituting heterochromatin in whole-genome sequences of vertebrate species published to date, the knowledge obtained in this study provides useful information for a deep understanding of the evolution of repetitive sequences in not only rodents but also in mammals.
DOI： 10.1159/000533716
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Kaneko C., Shinohara A., Kikuchi T., Tokuda A., Irie T., Yamada K., Misawa N., Yoshida A.
Mammalian Biology 103 ( 4 ) 363 - 373 2023.8
Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Mammalian Biology
The Japanese badger (Meles anakuma) and the Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) are common wild animals in Japan. They are opportunistic omnivores that share similar foods and environments. Previous study has reported a difference in the isolation rates of a specific genus of bacteria from fecal samples of these animals inhabiting the same areas in Japan. This study hypothesized that badgers and raccoon dogs have different gut microbiota, which leads to different metabolisms of nutrients despite their similar ecological niches. This study aimed to verify this hypothesis by comparatively analyzing the gut microbiota of these species. Bacterial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis was performed using colonic contents collected from 12 badgers and 12 raccoon dogs. As a result, the gut microbiota in badgers and raccoon dogs were completely distinct. Phylum Firmicutes was the most abundant, followed by Proteobacteria, almost without Bacteroidota in badgers. In contrast, Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were abundant in raccoon dogs. Many species-characteristic bacterial taxonomic features were identified in each animal’s gut microbiota. Moreover, raccoon dogs exhibited richer and more diverse species in their gut microbiota than badgers. This study revealed that badgers and raccoon dogs have distinct gut microbiota, which possibly drives different metabolism, though they share similar foods and environments. Considering anatomical feature that badger lacks a cecum which raccoon dog has, the distinct structure of gut microbiota in badger and raccoon dog could be attributed to the differences in the physical structure of the gastrointestinal tract, even though diet and inhabiting environments are quite similar.
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Ukyo R, Shinohara A, Koshimoto C, Nagura-Kato GA, Ieiri S, Tsuzuki Y, Sakamoto SH
Scientific reports 13 ( 1 ) 9518 2023.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Scientific Reports
Social separation is thought to induce a strong stress response in social juvenile mammals, but little is known about how this response might vary throughout the development. The present study examines the long-term effects of early-life stress (ELS) induced by social separation on individual behaviors later in life using the social and precocious species Octodon degus. Four experimental groups were established a positive control group of mothers and siblings from six litters comprised the socially housed (SH) group, while pups from seven litters were randomly assigned to three treatments: pups experiencing no separation (NS) treatment while their siblings did; repeated bouts of consecutive separation (CS); intermittent separation (IS). We analyzed the effects of separation treatment on the frequency and duration of freezing, rearing and grooming behaviors. ELS was correlated with higher hyperactivity, and hyperactivity increased with more frequent separation. However, the behavioral trend of the NS group changed to hyperactive in long-term observation. The findings suggest that the NS group was indirectly affected by ELS. In addition, suggesting ELS acts to converge an individual’s behavioral tendencies in a certain direction.
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Okabe S., Shinohara A., Motokawa M.
Zoologischer Anzeiger 303 38 - 46 2023.3
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Zoologischer Anzeiger
The island rule has been generally studied as a morphological evolution between continents and islands. Recently, an evolution between islands of the larger main islands and smaller peripheral islands in Japan has been implied. This study revealed island–island biogeography and examined the island rule between islands. We studied the skull morphology of the greater Japanese shrew mole Urotrichus talpoides Temminck, 1841 (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on the basis of 20 measurements obtained from 296 specimens. Our results revealed morphological differences among islands, in the overall skull size, distance of the fourth premolar to the third molar in the upper and lower jaws (P4M3 and P4M3), and the slender–robust proportion of the rostrum and braincase. P4M3 and P4M3 were commonly larger in the peripheral island populations than in the main island populations. By contrast, the overall skull size and proportion of the rostrum and braincase diverged among the peripheral islands. Therefore, gigantism of P4M3 and P4M3 was suggested in the peripheral island populations, and the island rule was partially supported; however, the island–island morphological evolution should be considered to have a different direction from the island rule due to divergent morphology in small–large skull size and slender–robust proportion among peripheral island populations.
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Abe Y, Toyama K, Shinohara A, Nagura-Kato GA, Ikai Y, Koshimoto C, Spin JM, Hato N
Anatomical science international 98 ( 3 ) 426 - 433 2022.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Anatomical Science International
The Mongolian gerbil has historically been useful for brain ischemia experiments, owing to the gerbil’s uniquely underdeveloped circle of Willis (CoW). This led to a gerbil model of cochlear ischemia being generated in our unit. However, we have found that the usual severe hearing loss seen in this model was not being induced consistently in recent experiments using the MON/Jms/GbsSlc gerbil (the sole commercially available gerbil in Japan). We set out to evaluate the posterior communicating artery (PcomA) in MON/Jms/GbsSlc, to re-establish whether this strain is appropriate for ischemia models. Having found that this unique feature is often lost, we then attempted to breed for the characteristic absent PcomA. India-ink perfusion revealed that the percentage of intact bilateral PcomA (“communicating type”) in the MON/Jms/GbsSlc gerbil was 57%; unilateral only (“unilateral communicating type”) was 39%; and completely absent PcomA (“non-communicating type”) was 4%. We were able to obtain few examples of the indigenous old aged Japanese UNG/Mz gerbil strain (at University of Miyazaki). Unfortunately, the pure UNG/Mz female was too elderly for mating. Therefore, selective breeding crosses between MON/Jms/GbsSlc and male UNG/Mz were carried out. After five generations of selective breeding, the percentage of non-communicating type gerbils was significantly higher in the newly generated strain, MON/Jms/SlcMz (F6 generation; 63%) than in the MON/Jms/GbsSlc gerbil. Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion surgery demonstrated that the cerebral blood flow was significantly reduced in MON/Jms/SlcMz compared with MON/Jms/GbsSlc (p < 0.0001) and induced more hippocampal injuries in MON/Jms/SlcMz than in MON/Jms/GbsSlc (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the commercially available MON/Jms/GbsSlc gerbil can easily regain PcomA, and we established a new gerbil strain (MON/Jms/SlcMz) displaying non-PcomA.
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Volatile fatty acids and microflora composition in the digestive tract of the East European vole (Microtus levis) Reviewed
Ikemoto-Kobayashi, M., Shinohara, A., Jogahara, T., Oda, S. & Mekada, K
Naturalistae 26 7 - 13 2022.2
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)
Other Link： http://www1.ous.ac.jp/garden/naturalistae26.html
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Nakamoto A., Harada M., Mitsuhashi R., Tsuchiya K., Kryukov A.P., Shinohara A., Suzuki H.
Zoological Letters 7 ( 1 ) 2 2021.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Zoological Letters
Quaternary environmental changes fundamentally influenced the genetic diversity of temperate-zone terrestrial animals, including those in the Japanese Archipelago. The genetic diversity of present-day populations is taxon- and region-specific, but its determinants are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed cytochrome b gene (Cytb) sequences (1140 bp) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to elucidate the factors determining the genetic variation in three species of large moles: Mogera imaizumii and Mogera wogura, which occur in central and southern mainland Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu), and Mogera robusta, which occurs on the nearby Asian continent. Network construction with the Cytb sequences revealed 10 star-shaped clusters with apparent geographic affinity. Mismatch distribution analysis showed that modes of pairwise nucleotide differences (τ values) were grouped into five classes in terms of the level, implying the occurrence of five stages for rapid expansion. It is conceivable that severe cold periods and subsequent warm periods during the late Quaternary were responsible for the population expansion events. The first and third oldest events included island-derived haplotypes, indicative of the involvement of land bridge formation between remote islands, hence suggesting an association of the ends of the penultimate (PGM, ca. 130,000 years ago) and last (LGM, ca. 15,000 years ago) glacial maxima, respectively. Since the third event was followed by the fourth, it is plausible that the termination of the Younger Dryas and subsequent abrupt warming ca. 11,500 years ago facilitated the fourth expansion event. The second event most likely corresponded to early marine isotope stage (MIS) 3 (ca. 53,000 years ago) when the glaciation and subsequent warming period were predicted to have influenced biodiversity. Utilization of the critical times of 130,000, 53,000, 15,000, and 11,500 years ago as calibration points yielded evolutionary rates of 0.03, 0.045, 0.10 and 0.10 substitutions/site/million years, respectively, showing a time-dependent manner whose pattern was similar to that seen in small rodents reported in our previous studies. The age of the fifth expansion event was calculated to be 5800 years ago with a rate of 0.10 substitutions/site/million years ago during the mid-Holocene, suggestive of the influence of humans or other unspecified reasons, such as the Jomon marine transgression.
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Shinya Okabe, Akio Shinohara, Masaharu Motokawa
Mammal Study 46 ( 4 ) 309 - 315 2021.8
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Mammalogical Society of Japan
Abstract. Dental anomalies in the greater Japanese shrew mole Urotrichus talpoides Temminck, 1841 (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae) were examined, based on 1001 specimens. We followed the dental formula of U. talpoides I 2/1, C 1/1, P 4/3, M 3/3 = 36, which is adopted by the most recent Japanese researchers, and found dental anomalies in 17 specimens involving 12 instances of absent tooth, four of extra tooth, and one of connate tooth. Of these, the following dental anomalies are reported in U. talpoides for the first time: extra tooth posterior to the upper canine (C1), extra tooth posterior to the upper second premolar (P2), extra teeth on the inner sides of the upper fourth premolars (P4), and connate tooth on the lower canine (C1). The most frequently observed dental anomaly was the absent tooth on C(52.9%), whereas the others were not common (< 11.8%). Our results indicate that dental anomalies in U. talpoides in Urotrichini possess the different pattern from those in species in Scalopini and Talpini. On the other hand, alternative hypothesis of dental formula I 3/2, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 3/3 = 36 explains the observed anomaly pattern in line with the general trend of dental anomalies in Talpini and Scalopini.
DOI： 10.3106/ms2020-0095
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Md Rashedul Islam, Osamu Ichii, Teppei Nakamura, Takao Irie, Akio Shinohara, Md Abdul Masum, Yuki Otani, Takashi Namba, Tsolmon Chuluunbaatar, Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa, Yasuhiro Kon
Animals 11 ( 6 ) 1768 - 1768 2021.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：MDPI AG
Most mammalian ovarian follicles contain only a single oocyte having a single nucleus. However, two or more oocytes and nuclei are observed within one follicle and one oocyte, respectively, in several species, including cotton rat (CR, Sigmodon hispidus). The present study compared ovarian histology, focusing on folliculogenesis, between two inbred CR strains, HIS/Hiph and HIS/Mz. At 4 weeks of age, ovarian sections from both the strains were analyzed histologically. Multi-oocyte follicles (MOFs) and double-nucleated oocytes (DNOs) were observed in all stages of developing follicles in HIS/Hiph, whereas HIS/Mz had MOFs up to secondary stages and lacked DNOs. The estimated total follicles in HIS/Mz were almost half that of HIS/Hiph, but interstitial cells were well developed in HIS/Mz. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed no clear strain differences in the appearance of oocytes positive for Ki67, PCNA, and p63 in MOF or DNOs; no cell death was observed in these oocytes. Ultrastructural analysis revealed more abundant mitochondrial clouds in oocytes of HIS/Hiph than HIS/Mz. Thus, we clarified the strain differences in the CR ovary. These findings indicate that early events during folliculogenesis affect the unique ovarian phenotypes found in CRs, including MOFs or DNOs, and their strain differences.
DOI： 10.3390/ani11061768
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Yagishita-Kyo N., Ikai Y., Uekita T., Shinohara A., Koshimoto C., Yoshikawa K., Maruyama K., Yagishita S.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 551 54 - 62 2021.4
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
Octodon degus is said to be one of the most human-like rodents because of its improved cognitive function. Focusing on its high sociality, we cloned and characterized some sociality-related genes of degus, in order to establish degus as a highly socialized animal model in molecular biology. We cloned degus Neurexin and Neuroligin as sociality-related genes, which are genetically related to autism spectrum disorder in human. According to our results, amino acid sequences of Neurexin and Neuroligin expressed in degus brain, are highly conserved to that of human sequences. Most notably, degus Neuroligin4 is highly similar to human Neuroligin4X, which is one of the most important autism-related genes, whereas mouse Neuroligin4 is known to be poorly similar to human Neuroligin4X. Furthermore, our work also indicated that testosterone directly binds to degus Neurexin and intercepts intercellular Neurexin-Neuroligin binding. Moreover, it is of high interest that testosterone is another key molecule of the higher incidence of autism in male. These results indicated that degus has the potential for animal model of sociality, and furthermore may promote understanding toward the pathogenic mechanism of autism.
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Evaluation index of epilepsy-like seizures observed in common degu (<i>Octodon degus</i>) Reviewed
Ikai Yuki, Shinohara Akio, Nagura-Kato Goro A., Shichijo Hiroki, Koshimoto Chihiro
Honyurui Kagaku (Mammalian Science) 61 ( 1 ) 3 - 11 2021.1
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Mammal Society of Japan
The common degu (<i>Octodon degus</i>), originally native to South America, is now widely used as an experimental animal owing to several unique characteristics: common degus are highly social and use vocal sounds as communication tools. Importantly, their brain function is more complex than other laboratory rodents, making them a good model in the field of neuroscience. We established a colony of laboratory common degus and observed epilepsy-like seizures. We subsequently analyzed the process, strength, and duration of seizures by video recording. We examined 35 video images from 16 individuals (7 females and 9 males). The seizures began as abnormalities in the body parts (step 1), and then systemic tonic-clonic seizure (step 2) was observed. Following step 2, a short period of stillness (step 3) usually occurred, and then systemic tonic seizure occurred again (step 4). Ultimately, stillness (step 5) continued until recovery. We found sex-based differences in the strength and duration of seizures and observed large individual differences as well. Our results suggest that common degus have the potential to be used as a disease model for epilepsy.
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新潟県新潟市江南区および五泉市近郊におけるエチゴモグラMogera etigoとアズマモグラM. imaizumiiの分布，2019年の現状 Reviewed
佐藤雄大，江藤 毅，篠原明男
哺乳類科学 61 ( 1 ) 29 - 37 2021.1
Authorship：Last author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Sato Takahiro, Eto Takeshi, Shinohara Akio
Honyurui Kagaku (Mammalian Science) 61 ( 1 ) 29 - 37 2021
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Mammal Society of Japan
The distributions of <i>Mogera etigo</i> and <i>Mogera imaizumii</i> were examined in two areas of the Echigo Plain, Niigata Prefecture. The first survey area was in the paddy fields of the southern region of the Kounan area, Niigata city. The second was in the paddy fields in the surroundings of central Gosen city. In the Kounan area, burrows of <i>M. imaizumii</i> were observed for the first time, but the distributions of <i>M. etigo</i> were reduced compared with those noted in the previous studies. These results suggest that <i>M. etigo</i> have disappeared in at least some regions of their previous range and/or have been displaced by <i>M. imaizumii</i>. In the eastern parts of Gosen city, the burrows of both moles were sympatrically observed. In contrast, the burrows of <i>M. etigo</i> found in the western regions were individually isolated. The isolated <i>M. etigo</i> might disappear if habitat alteration and/or competitive exclusion by <i>M. imaizumii</i> occurs.
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Shinohara A., Nohara M., Kondo Y., Jogahara T., Nagura-Kato G., Izawa M., Koshimoto C.
Experimental Animals 68 ( 4 ) 531 - 539 2019
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Experimental Animals
© 2019 Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science. The Asian house shrew, Suncus murinus, is an insectivore (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) and an important laboratory animal for life-science studies. The gastrointestinal tract of Suncus is simple: the length of the entire intestine is very short relative to body size, the large intestine is quite short, and there are no fermentative chambers such as the forestomach or cecum. These features imply that Suncus has a different nutritional physiology from those of humans and mice, but little is known about whether Suncus utilizes microbial fermentation in the large (LI) or small (SI) intestine. In addition, domestication may affect the gastrointestinal microbial diversity of Suncus. Therefore, we compared the gastrointestinal microbial diversity of Suncus between laboratory and wild Suncus and between the SI and LI (i.e., four groups: Lab-LI, Lab-SI, Wild-LI, and Wild-SI) using bacterial 16S rRNA gene library sequencing analyses with a sub-cloning method. We obtained 759 cloned sequences (176, 174, 195, and 214 from the Lab-LI, Lab-SI, Wild-LI, and Wild-SI samples, respectively), which revealed that the gastrointestinal microbiota of Suncus is rich in Firmicutes (mostly lactic acid bacteria), with few Bacteroidetes. We observed different bacterial communities according to intestinal region in laboratory Suncus, but not in wild Suncus. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal microbial diversity estimates were lower in laboratory Suncus than in wild Suncus. These results imply that Suncus uses lactic acid fermentation in the gut, and that the domestication process altered the gastrointestinal bacterial diversity.
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ヨーロッパモリネズミにおける尿を用いたストレスホルモンの測定
前山健太、篠原明男、仮屋博敬、川辺俊晃、城ヶ原貴通、名倉（加藤）悟郎、坂本信介、越本知大
九州実験動物雑誌 39 29 - 38 2019
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Individual differences in torpor expression in adult mice are related to relative birth mass.
Kato GA, Sakamoto SH, Eto T, Okubo Y, Shinohara A, Morita T, Koshimoto C
The Journal of experimental biology 221 ( Pt 12 ) 2018.6
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
DOI： 10.1242/jeb.171983
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Nakamura T., Ichii O., Irie T., Mizoguchi T., Shinohara A., Kouguchi H., Sunden Y., Otsuka-Kanazawa S., Elewa Y., Koshimoto C., Nagasaki K., Kon Y.
Histology and Histopathology 33 ( 6 ) 555 - 565 2018.6
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Histology and Histopathology
© 2018, Histology and Histopathology. All rights reserved. Pharyngeal pouches in mammals develop into specific derivatives. If the differentiation of the pharyngeal pouches is anomalous, their remnants can result in cysts, sinuses, and fistulae in the differentiated organs or around the neck. In the present study, we found several pharyngeal pouch remnants, such as cystic structures in thymus and parathyroid gland and fossulae extended from the piriform fossa, in the inbred cotton rats maintained at Hokkaido Institute of Public Health (HIS/Hiph) and University of Miyazaki (HIS/Mz). In HIS/Hiph, the fossulae extended from the apex of the piriform fossa into the thyroid glands and were lined with stratified squamous and cuboidal epithelium. Calcitonin-positive C-cells were present within their epithelium in HIS/Hiph. In contrast, the fossulae of HIS/Mz ran outside the thyroid glands toward the parathyroid glands; they were lined with columnar ciliated epithelium and a few goblet cells, but had no C-cells, which was consistent with the cystic structures in the thymus and the parathyroid gland. These results indicated that the fossulae were a remnant of the ultimobranchial body in HIS/Hiph and of the thymopharyngeal duct in HIS/Mz. Thus, the fossulae of the piriform fossa resembled the piriform sinus fistula in human. In conclusion, cotton rats frequently possessed pharyngeal pouch remnants, including the piriform sinus fistula, and therefore, might serve as a novel model to elucidate the mechanisms of pharyngeal pouch development.
DOI： 10.14670/HH-11-946
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徳之島産ケナガネズミDiplothrix legataの精子形成に関する組織学的基礎情報 Reviewed
加藤悟郎，城ヶ原貴通，後藤嘉輝，篠原明男，越本知大
哺乳類科学 57 ( 2 ) 217 - 220 2017.12
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Protein restriction does not affect body temperature pattern in female mice. Reviewed
Kato GA, Shichijo H, Takahashi T, Shinohara A, Morita T, Koshimoto C
Experimental Animals 2017.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Comparative Morphology of the Penis and Clitoris in Four Species of Moles (Talpidae)
Sinclair A., Glickman S., Catania K., Shinohara A., Baskin L., Cunha G.
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 328 ( 3 ) 275 - 294 2017.5
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The penile and clitoral anatomy of four species of Talpid moles (broad-footed, star-nosed, hairy-tailed, and Japanese shrew moles) were investigated to define penile and clitoral anatomy and to examine the relationship of the clitoral anatomy with the presence or absence of ovotestes. The ovotestis contains ovarian tissue and glandular tissue resembling fetal testicular tissue and can produce androgens. The ovotestis is present in star-nosed and hairy-tailed moles, but not in broad-footed and Japanese shrew moles. Using histology, three-dimensional reconstruction, and morphometric analysis, sexual dimorphism was examined with regard to a nine feature masculine trait score that included perineal appendage length (prepuce), anogenital distance, and presence/absence of bone. The presence/absence of ovotestes was discordant in all four mole species for sex differentiation features. For many sex differentiation features, discordance with ovotestes was observed in at least one mole species. The degree of concordance with ovotestes was highest for hairy-tailed moles and lowest for broad-footed moles. In relationship to phylogenetic clade, sex differentiation features also did not correlate with the similarity/divergence of the features and presence/absence of ovotestes. Hairy-tailed and Japanese shrew moles reside in separated clades, but they exhibit a high degree of congruence. Broad-footed and hairy-tailed moles reside within the same clade but had one of the lowest correlations in features and presence/absence of ovotestes. Thus, phylogenetic affinity and the presence/absence of ovotestes are poor predictors for most sex differentiation features within mole external genitalia.
DOI： 10.1002/jez.b.22732
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Talpid mole phylogeny unites shrew moles and illuminates overlooked cryptic species diversity Reviewed
H. Kai, A. Shinohara, K.M. Helgen, M.S. Springer, J. Xue-Long and K.L. Campbell
Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 ( 1 ) 78 - 87 2017.1
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Mole ghrelin: cDNA cloning, gene expression, and diverse molecular forms in Mogera imaizumii Reviewed
M. Satou, H. Kaiya, Y. Nishi, A. Shinohara, S-i. Kawada, M. Miyazato, K. Kangawa, H. Sugimoto
General and Comparative Endocrinology 232 199 - 210 2016.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Shinohara A., Uchida E., Shichijo H., Sakamoto S., Morita T., Koshimoto C.
Mammalian Biology 81 ( 1 ) 46 - 52 2016.1
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Mammalian Biology
© 2014. The mammalian gastrointestinal tract has evolved to facilitate food utilisation. Hamsters within the subfamily Cricetinae (Rodentia, Cricetidae) have a compartmentalised stomach consisting of a forestomach and a glandular stomach. The role of the forestomach in hamsters has long been discussed. In this study, we evaluated the microflora and volatile fatty acid contents of the large forestomach and caecum of a greater long-tailed hamster (Tscherskia triton). The estimated bacterial biodiversity in the forestomach based on 16S rRNA library sequencing analyses was low (sequence n=226, Shannon index H'=2.12) compared to that in the rumen of ruminants. In contrast, the bacterial diversity in the caecum was very high (n=259, H'=4.45), and comparable to that of other hindgut fermenters. The forestomach bacterial flora was dominated by Lactobacillus spp. (179/226 clones), and high concentrations of lactic acid were observed in the forestomach. These results indicate that the forestomach does not function like the rumen of ruminants, but that lactic acid fermentation does take place in this compartment. The caecum is thought to play a more important role in food digestion via fermentation by symbiotic microbes than the forestomach. When all cloned 16S rRNA gene sequences n(=485) were grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 97% similarity, the majority of clones isolated from the forestomach contents were also present in the caecum (85.4%), although fewer clones isolated from the caecum contents shared OTUs with clones from the forestomach (19.3%). Based on these results, we hypothesise that bacteria were transferred from the caecum to the forestomach by coprophagy.
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Microbial diversity in forestomach and caecum contents of the greater long-tailed hamster Tscherskia triton (Rodentia: Cricetidae) Reviewed
A. Shinohara, E. Uchida, H. Shichijo, S. H. Sakamoto, T. Morita, C. Koshimoto
Mammalian Biology 81 ( 1 ) 46 - 52 2016.1
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Shinohara A., Kawada S., Son N., Can D., Sakamoto S., Koshimoto C.
Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 63 366 - 375 2015.9
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
© National University of Singapore. Until 2008, three species of fossorial moles (tribe Talpini, Talpidae, Lipotyphla, Mammalia) were recognised in Vietnam: Euroscaptor longirostris from the northern highlands, E. parvidens from the southern Annamese mountains and Mogera latouchei from the northern lowlands. Recently, a new species (Eursocaptor subanura) was described from northern Vietnam. This new mole is externally similar to E. parvidens, but the skull and dental characters are rather similar to E. longirostris. In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb; 1140 bp), partial mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (12S; ca. 850 bp) and partial nuclear recombination activating gene 1 (Rag1; 1010 bp) gene sequences of 19 specimens of E. subanura collected from three localities in northern Vietnam and estimated the phylogenetic relationships among the Southeast Asian moles. Our results strongly support the full species status of E. subanura and that it is a sister taxon to E. parvidens of central Vietnam, but not E. longirostris of northern Vietnam. Although we analysed samples from only three localities, intraspecies diversity in E. subanura was lower than in the other two species. These results suggest that E. subanura diverged from E. parvidens and that it is a relict species that survived past climatic changes.
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The effects of maternal presence on natal dispersal are seasonally flexible in an asocial rodent
Sakamoto S., Eto T., Okubo Y., Shinohara A., Morita T., Koshimoto C.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69 ( 7 ) 1075 - 1084 2015.7
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. In mammals, social tolerance among females, the philopatric sex, is formed through continued physical proximity between kin after offspring are weaned. However, the benefits of continued close association may be outweighed by costs such as local resource competition and risk of inbreeding. We hypothesized that for ‘philopatric females’, a flexible tendency towards either natal dispersal or philopatry is an important behavioral response to changes in social conditions. We examined this using an asocial rodent, Apodemus speciosus, which exhibits two discrete breeding seasons, one in spring and the second in autumn. Daughters and mothers were shown to recognize each other as kin at the time of weaning in both seasons. In spring, some mothers reproduced twice, and some first-litter daughters matured and reproduced in the same season. In autumn, however, only mothers reproduced, and there were no second litters. In spring, the proportion of natal dispersers was higher among weaned offspring whose mother remained present than those whose mother was absent, while in autumn, natal dispersal was more frequent when the mother was absent than when she remained. Sons dispersed earlier than their female littermates. Population density alone is insufficient to explain these patterns. We suggest that variable levels of reproductive competition between female kin result in seasonal differences in female natal dispersal. Breeding condition can be modulated by environmental factors, and the promotion of reproductive activity of females in spring may cause natal dispersal of daughters, while the inhibition of reproductive activity in autumn may permit philopatry.
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The future of Mammalian Molecular Phylogenetics
Shinohara Akio, Sato Jun J., Yonezawa Takahiro, He Kai, Imai Hiroo
Honyurui Kagaku (Mammalian Science) 55 ( 1 ) 98 - 99 2015
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Mammal Society of Japan
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A comparison of the diet and fine-scale distribution of sympatric Tibetan and red foxes in Qinghai, P. R. China Reviewed
H. Tsukada, W. Li, H. Duo, Z. Guo, Y. Fu, M. Peng, X. Shen, J. Jing, A. Yuan, M. Ni, S. He, F. Huang, K. Feng, K. Ishikawa, I. Kobayashi, A. Shinohara, N. Nonaka
Wildlife Biology 20 ( 6 ) 356 - 361 2014.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Susceptibility of muridae cell lines to ecotropic murine leukemia virus and the cationic amino acid transporter 1 viral receptor sequences: implications for evolution of the viral receptor Reviewed
K. Kakoki, A. Shinohara, M. Izumida, Y. Koizumi, E. Honda, G. Kato, T. Igawa, H. Sakai, H. Hayashi, T. Matsuyama, T. Morita, C. Koshimoto and Y. Kubo
Virus Gene 48 ( 3 ) 448 - 456 2014.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Molecular phylogeny of East and Southeast Asian fossorial moles (Lipotyphla, Talpidae) Reviewed
A. Shinohara, S-I. Kawada, N. T. Son, C. Koshimoto, H. Endo, D. N. Can and H. Suzuki
Journal of Mammalogy 95 ( 3 ) 455 - 466 2014.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Kakoki K., Shinohara A., Izumida M., Koizumi Y., Honda E., Kato G., Igawa T., Sakai H., Hayashi H., Matsuyama T., Morita T., Koshimoto C., Kubo Y.
Virus Genes 48 ( 3 ) 448 - 456 2014.1
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Virus Genes
Ecotropic murine leukemia viruses (Eco-MLVs) infect mouse and rat, but not other mammalian cells, and gain access for infection through binding the cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1). Glycosylation of the rat and hamster CAT1s inhibits Eco-MLV infection, and treatment of rat and hamster cells with a glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin, enhances Eco-MLV infection. Although the mouse CAT1 is also glycosylated, it does not inhibit Eco-MLV infection. Comparison of amino acid sequences between the rat and mouse CAT1s shows amino acid insertions in the rat protein near the Eco-MLV-binding motif. In addition to the insertion present in the rat CAT1, the hamster CAT1 has additional amino acid insertions. In contrast, tunicamycin treatment of mink and human cells does not elevate the infection, because their CAT1s do not have the Eco-MLV-binding motif. To define the evolutionary pathway of the Eco-MLV receptor, we analyzed CAT1 sequences and susceptibility to Eco-MLV infection of other several murinae animals, including the southern vole (Microtus rossiaemeridionalis), large Japanese field mouse (Apodemus speciosus), and Eurasian harvest mouse ( Micromys minutus). Eco-MLV infection was enhanced by tunicamycin in these cells, and their CAT1 sequences have the insertions like the hamster CAT1. Phylogenetic analysis of mammalian CAT1s suggested that the ancestral CAT1 does not have the Eco-MLV-binding motif, like the human CAT1, and the mouse CAT1 is thought to be generated by the amino acid deletions in the third extracellular loop of CAT1. © Springer Science+Business Media 2014.
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He K., Shinohara A., Jiang X., Campbell K.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 70 ( 1 ) 513 - 521 2014.1
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
The tribe Talpini is a group of strictly subterranean moles distributed across the Eurasian Continent whose phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy remain unresolved. Here we report a multi-locus nuclear-mitochondrial DNA dataset (9468. bp) from 11 talpine species encompassing all five recognized genera, together with analyses of their divergence times and evolutionary affinities inferred from maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Our results finely resolved all relationships except the root of the four recognized Asian genera, which was placed sister to the genus Talpa. With respect to the Asian clade, we moreover provide the first molecular support for a sister-taxon relationship between Parascaptor and Scaptochirus and confirm that the genus Euroscaptor is paraphyletic. Further, and despite a relatively small sample size (22 specimens), our species delimitation analyses support the existence of at least two genetically distinct, and hence potentially cryptic species. Taken together, these findings argue that generic status should be given to E. mizura and illustrate that the taxonomic diversity of the tribe Talpini in mountainous regions of southwestern China and Southeast Asia is underestimated. Finally, results of our divergence time analyses support a rapid radiation of the endemic Asian genera in the late-Miocene, which temporally corresponds with enhanced aridity and cooling arising from a significant uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan plateau. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.
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Molecular phylogeny of East and Southeast Asian fossorial moles (Lipotyphla, Talpidae)
Shinohara A., Kawada S., Son N., Koshimoto C., Endo H., Can D., Suzuki H.
Journal of Mammalogy 95 ( 3 ) 455 - 466 2014.1
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Mammalogy
The diversity of fossorial moles in East and Southeast Asia is contained in the 2 species-rich genera Mogera (8 species) and Euroscaptor (8 or more species), and the 3 monospecific genera Scapanulus, Scaptochirus, and Parascaptor. To better understand the evolution and biogeography of these fossorial moles, we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial cytochrome-b (Cytb; 1,140 base pairs [bp]) and 12S rRNA (approximately 830 bp) and nuclear recombination activating gene 1 (Rag1; 1,010 bp) gene sequences from 5 species of Euroscaptor, 6 of Mogera, and the single species of Scaptochirus. Phylogenetic estimates revealed 5 distinct lineages of East and Southeast Asian fossorial moles: Mogera, Scaptochirus, Euroscaptor mizura, E. parvidens, and E. malayana-E. klossi-E. longirostris. Our results support the monophyly of Mogera but not Euroscaptor, indicating a need for taxonomic revision of the latter genus. We hypothesize that Mogera originated in the central portion of its range and then dispersed to peripheral islands, such as Taiwan and the Japanese Islands. The fragmented distribution of Southeast Asian Euroscaptor presumably arose from habitat competition (invasion) from Mogera species, long-range dispersal, vicariance events, or a combination of these, explaining the high species richness of fossorial moles in this region. © 2014 American Society of Mammalogists.
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Maeda Y., Funagayama M., Shinohara A., Koshimoto C., Furusawa H., Nakahara H., Yamaguchi Y., Saitoh T., Yamamoto T., Komaki K.
Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry 70 ( 3 ) 849 - 855 2014.1
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry
© 2014, University of Navarra. The influence of human serum albumin (HSA) on the bile acid-mediated inhibition of liver microsomal type 1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) was studied in vitro. A rat liver microsomal fraction was prepared, and the 11β-HSD1 enzyme activity in the presence of various concentrations of bile acids and HSA was determined using hydrocortisone as the substrate. The products of the reaction were extracted and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The magnitude of the inhibition decreased with the addition of HSA in a dose-dependent manner. Four percent human albumin decreased the inhibitory effects of 100 μM chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid from 89.9 ± 5.6 to 54.5 ± 6.1 % and from 83.8 ± 4.8 to 20.8 ± 4.2 %, respectively. In contrast, ursodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid showed no inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity in the presence of 4 % human serum albumin, and the addition of 1 % γ-globulin to the assay mixture in the presence of bile acids did not affect the enzyme activity. Our in vitro study showed that the addition of HSA ameliorated the inhibition of 11β-HSD1 and that the magnitude of the change is dependent on the species of bile acid, presumably based on the numbers of hydroxyl groups. These results suggest that HSA seems to protect the bile acid-mediated inhibition of 11β-HSD1 in the healthy subject. On the other hand, in the patients with obstructive biliary diseases, not only elevated serum bile acid but also the accompanying hypoalbuminemia is important to evaluate the pathophysiology of the bile acid-mediated inhibition of 11β-HSD1 of the disease.
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Tsukada H., Li W., Duo H., Guo Z., Fu Y., Peng M., Shen X., Jing J., Yuan A., Ni M., He S., Huang F., Feng K., Ishikawa K., Kobayashi I., Shinohara A., Nonaka N.
Wildlife Biology 20 ( 6 ) 356 - 361 2014.1
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wildlife Biology
© 2014 The Authors. We compared the diet and the spatial distribution of the Tibetan fox Vulpes ferrilata and the red fox Vulpes vulpes in the Tibetan plateau, to elucidate mechanisms of coexistence for these two sympatric canids and to clarify their roles as definitive hosts for zoonotic Echinococcus parasites. Diet and fine-scale distribution patterns were assessed by fecal DNA analysis. A total of 45 fecal samples (15 belonging to Tibetan fox, 30 belonging to red fox were collected from 15 sites into three of which contained only Tibetan fox feces, six only red fox feces, and six contained feces of both species. The abundance of pika burrows, a key prey item for both species, did not differ among the sites. Food composition analysis, estimated using a point-frame method, revealed slight but insignificant differences between the two species. Tibetan foxes consumed primarily mammals, whereas red foxes consumed primarily insects. The dietary range of the Tibetan fox was narrower than that of the red fox but there was little dietary overlap between the two species. These findings suggest that the weak partitioning of food resources between Tibetan and red foxes can facilitate their coexistence even within the same habitat where they share the same key prey items, i.e. small mammals such as pikas. These dietary differences between the two fox species also suggest that the Tibetan fox is a more important definitive host for Echinococcus on the Tibetan plateau than is the red fox.
DOI： 10.2981/wlb.00066
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絶滅危惧種アマミトゲネズミ Tokudaia osimensisの実験室環境における長期飼育 Reviewed
篠原明男，山田文雄，樫村敦，阿部愼太郎，坂本信介，森田哲夫，越本知大
哺乳類科学 53 ( 2 ) 335 - 344 2013.12
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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高コレステロール血症を自然発症するヨーロッパモリネズミに対するプラバスタチンの影響
名倉彩香,篠原明男,坂本信介,越本知大
九州実験動物雑誌 29 23 - 28 2013.11
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Maeda Y., Funagayama M., Shinohara A., Koshimoto C., Komaki K., Furusawa H., Nakahara H., Yasuda Y., Machida E.
Hormone and Metabolic Research 45 ( 12 ) 856 - 861 2013.8
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Hormone and Metabolic Research
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between rats and hamsters, Two of the most widely used experimental animals, with respect to the effects of microsomal membrane solubilization on the inhibition of liver 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSDI) enzyme by bile acids. Liver microsome fractions were prepared, and the 11β-HSDI enzymatic activity was measured using cortisone as a substrate. The substrate and various concentrations of bile acids were added to the assay mixtures. After incubation, the products were extracted and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. To investigate the effect of detergent on the inhibitory effects of bile acids, we conducted inhibition tests using Triton X-100-solubilized animal liver microsomes. When solubilized microsomes were used, all bile acids inhibited 11β-HSDI from rats and hamsters to various degrees. 7α-Hydroxycholanoic acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid) in particular had strong inhibitory activities. In hamsters, 7β- hydroxycholanoic acid (ursodeoxycholic acid) was the strongest inhibitor among the bile acids tested, although its effect was not very strong. When nonsolubilized microsomes were used, deoxycholic acid did not inhibit but rather enhanced the enzymatic activity in both animals. Microsomal content of cholesterol and phospholipids are significantly different between rats and hamsters. Species differences in bile acid inhibition of nonsolubilized microsomes might be reflected not only by structural difference of bile acids, which affect membrane solubilization and enzyme activity directly, but also species difference in microsomal membrane lipid content. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart, New York.
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Rearing method to induce natural mating of the large Japanese field mouse, Apodemus speciosus
SAKAI Yusuke, SAKAMOTO Shinsuke H., KATO Goro A., IWAMOTO Naojirou, OZAKI Ryousuke, ETO Takeshi, SHINOHARA Akio, MORITA Tetsuo, KOSHIMOTO Chihiro
Honyurui Kagaku (Mammalian Science) 53 ( 1 ) 57 - 65 2013.6
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Mammal Society of Japan
We examined methods to improve natural mating in <i>A. speciosus</i> via rearing conditions. To test the effects of an inner lid, which was set up to cover pine chip bedding at breeding, we reared pairs in cages with or without the inner lid in a semi-wild condition. In addition, we reared pairs in cages with an inner lid in the room, and a stable environmental condition to eliminate seasonal factors. In the semi-wild condition, one of 11 females bred once in the cage without the inner lid, while 4 of 9 females bred 6 times in total in the cage with the inner lid. In the room condition, 4 of 10 females bred 12 times totally and the most pairs continued successive breeding in the cage with the inner lid. The results of the semi-wild condition experiment suggest that representing nest conditions artificially by using an inner lid can induce breeding in <i>A. speciosus</i>. Furthermore, inner lids can also induce <i>A. speciosus</i> breeding even in rooms. These findings indicate that the simple method using an inner lid is effective to induce breeding in <i>A. speciosus</i>.<br>
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Spatial and temporal aspects of Mogera species occurrence in the Japanese Islands inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences Reviewed
3) T. Kirihara, A. Shinohara, K. Tsuchiya, M. Harada, A. P. Kryukov, and H. Suzuki
Zoological Science 30 ( 4 ) 267 - 281 2013.4
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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ヨーロッパモリネズミにおける卵子および2細胞期胚の水と耐凍剤の透過性
八木 千尋, 北山 みずほ, 坂本 信介, 篠原 明男, 枝重 圭祐, 越本 知大
日本繁殖生物学会 講演要旨集 106 ( 0 ) P - 39-P-39 2013
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：日本繁殖生物学会
<b>【目的】</b>宮崎大学フロンティア科学実験総合センターではマウス(<i>Mus</i>属)やラット(<i>Rattus</i>属)とは異なる分類群である<i>Apodemus</i>属の1種，ヨーロッパモリネズミ(<i>Apodemus sylvaticus</i>)を飼育維持している。本種は高脂血症を自然発症し，さらには高コレステロール飼料給与によりアテローム性動脈硬化が誘導される個体や，Ⅱ型糖尿病様の病態を呈する個体が存在することから新たな病態モデル動物候補として特性評価研究を進めている。本研究では自然交配により維持している本種のコロニーを効率的に管理するために必要な，卵子および胚の凍結保存法開発に向けた知見の集積を目的として，卵子および2細胞期胚の水と耐凍剤の膜透過性を評価することによって凍結保存の可能性を検討した。<b>【材料・方法】</b>排卵誘起処理後M-II期卵子と，雄との自然交配を経て得た2細胞期胚を回収し，15℃および25℃でスクロースおよび5種類の耐凍剤（グリセロール，DMSO，エチレングリコール，プロピレングリコール，アセトアミド）添加PB1液に曝露し，経時的な相対体積変化から水透過性（μm/min/atm:Lp）および耐凍剤透過性(×10<sup>–3</sup>cm/min:Ps）を算出した。<b>【結果・考察】</b>25℃での卵子および2細胞期胚のLpは，15℃の値よりも2倍以上高かった。 また卵子および2細胞期胚のPsは，グリセロールで0.01～0.05と非常に低く，その他の耐凍剤で0.23～2.26を示し，また15℃よりも25℃で高い値を示した。このことから水と耐凍剤は温度依存的に膜を透過していると考えられた。これらの結果は，マウスで報告されている値と非常に近似しているため，本種における卵子および2細胞期胚の凍結保存法はマウスと同様の手法が適用できる可能性がある。今後はさらに発生の進んだ胚のLpおよびPsを測定するとともに，これらの凍結保存を試みたい。
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食性の異なる小型哺乳類の消化管内微生物叢の分子生態学的比較解析
井上 比加里, 酒井 悠輔, 坂本 信介, 森田 哲夫, 越本 知大, 篠原 明男
日本霊長類学会大会プログラム抄録集 29 ( 0 ) 2013
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：日本霊長類学会
乳類の消化管内に共生する微生物叢は宿主における食物の栄養利用に大きく寄与している．このことについて近年では，16S rRNA遺伝子を指標とした解析が盛んに行われており，哺乳類の消化管内微生物叢の多様性は一般的に草食，雑食，肉食の順に高いことが示されてきた．しかし研究対象は大型哺乳類が殆どで，野生の小型哺乳類の消化管内微生物叢については不明な点が多い．そこで本研究では小型哺乳類で雑食性のアカネズミ（<i>Apodemus speciosus</i>）および昆虫食性のコウベモグラ（<i>Mogera wogura</i>）の消化管内微生物叢を明らかにし，その一端を解明す，ることを目的とした．宮崎県で捕獲したアカネズミの盲腸およびコウベモグラの腸管後半部分の内容物から微生物叢の 16S rRNAライブラリーを構築し，それぞれ 210および 206クローンの塩基配列を解析した．その結果，アカネズミでは Firmicutes門（62％）が最も優勢で，続いて Bacteroidetes門が多く観察され（30％），これまでに報告された哺乳類の消化管内微生物叢と同じような構成を示した．その一方でコウベモグラでは，Proteobacteria門（36％）と Actinobacteria門（34％）が同じような割合で検出されたが，これまでに報告された一般的な哺乳類の消化管内微生物叢とは大きく異なっていた．また得られた微生物叢の多様性の度合いを，シャノン指数（H'）を用いて評価し，これまでに報告された哺乳類の値と比較したところ，アカネズミ (H'=4.41)は雑食性哺乳類の中でも微生物叢の多様性が比較的高く，コウベモグラ（H'=4.67）の微生物叢は大型肉食動物と比較すると極めて高い多様性を示す事が分かった．以上の結果から，野生由来の小型哺乳類の消化管内には多様な微生物叢が生息していることが示唆された．
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Shinohara Akio, Yamada Fumio, Kashimura Atsushi, Abe Shintaro, Sakamoto Shinsuke H., Morita Tetsuo, Koshimoto Chihiro
Honyurui Kagaku (Mammalian Science) 53 ( 2 ) 335 - 344 2013
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Mammal Society of Japan
The Amami spiny rat (<i>Tokudaia osimensis</i>), is an endangered species endemic to Amami Oshima Island, which is a part of the Ryukyu Archipelago in Japan and expresses an XO sex-determination system. Captive breeding must be used to help conserve this species. Here, we tried long term rearing in the laboratory with a similar condition for conventional experimental animals such as mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>) and rats (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>). In this study, although we could not achieve breeding, we succeeded in rearing more than four years (1,459.8434.3 days) for six out of seven Amami spiny rats introduced into our laboratory with the following conditions: room temperature 232°C, humidity 5010%, 12H dark and 12H light periods. We used conventional cages, drinking bottles, woodchips, shredded paper for nest material, and normal experimental animal chow used for mice and rats. Judging from their weight gain, food intake, and faecal apparent digestibility, the experimental animal chow was a prefered food item for the Amami spiny rats. However, the thermoneutral zone for this species was estimated as more than 26°C. We suggest that successful in captive breeding of this endangered species requires particular attention to the appropriate room temperature.<br>
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放牧地におけるコウベモグラの生息地選択 ―放牧によるモグラ類の被害管理の可能性―
樫村 敦, 篠原 明男, 小林 郁雄, 長谷川 信美, 土屋 公幸, 森田 哲夫
日本霊長類学会大会プログラム抄録集 29 ( 0 ) 2013
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：日本霊長類学会
モグラ類は地下にトンネルシステムを構築し，土壌動物を採食する地下生哺乳類である．地表部へのモグラ塚形成は牧草の採草時に土壌混入を引き起こし，サイレージの品質を低下させるため，モグラ類は欧州を中心に草地畜産の害獣として扱われてきた．このようなモグラ類による獣害を防止するために，土壌改良等を介した間接的防除法に関する草地管理研究が行われてきたが，実用性に乏しく，モグラ類の実際の行動生態を踏まえた研究は少ない．一方，放牧地では，踏圧による土壌圧縮や採餌による植物由来有機物層の減少など，家畜の行動が土壌微小環境を改変させ，非放牧区とは異なった土壌動物相になる．つまり，モグラ類と家畜が共に利用する放牧地においては，家畜が利用可能な区域と利用できない区域間で土壌微小環境が異なり，モグラ類の生息地選択に影響している可能性がある．そこで本研究では，放牧地におけるモグラ類の生息地選択と，放牧による土壌微小環境の改変との関係を検証した．放牧地ではコウベモグラ <i>Mogera wogura</i>のラジオテレメトリーにより生息地選択を評価し，家畜が利用可能な放牧地内と，家畜が利用することのできない牧柵下の軟土壌層，有機物層の厚さおよび土壌動物相を比較した．その結果，牧柵下の方が放牧地内に比べて軟土壌層（20.2 ± 0.3 cm vs. 1.3 ± 0.0 cm）および有機物層（3.5 ± 0.0 cm vs. 0.6 ± 0.0 cm）が有意に厚く，土壌動物相の多様性（H'）（2.46 ± 0.46 vs. 0.58 ± 0.12）も高かった．さらに，コウベモグラ全個体が牧柵下を選択的に利用した．したがって，放牧により土壌微小環境および土壌動物の分布が変化し，これらがコウベモグラの生息地選択に影響したと考えられた．すなわち，家畜の放牧はモグラ類の行動を間接的に制御している可能性が窺えた．
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微生物叢の 16S rRNA遺伝子からトリトンハムスターの大きな前胃の役割を推測する
篠原 明男, 内田 栄太, 井上 比加里, 七條 宏樹, 坂本 信介, 森田 哲夫, 越本 知大
日本霊長類学会大会プログラム抄録集 29 ( 0 ) 2013
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：日本霊長類学会
哺乳類はセルロースなどの繊維質を加水分解する消化酵素を産生できず，それらを栄養源として利用する草食性哺乳類は，繊維質分解に寄与する微生物を消化管内に共生させている．ウシなどの前胃発酵動物は主に前胃に，ウマ・ウサギなどの後腸発酵動物は主に盲腸に微生物を共生させ，それぞれの消化管を大型化し発達させた．一方で小型齧歯類にも草食傾向の強い種が存在する．その中には前胃と盲腸の両方を発達させ，形態学的には前胃発酵動物と後腸発酵動物の両方の特徴をあわせ持つものもいる．これらの消化管のうち，盲腸は繊維質分解に寄与しているのではないかという報告が散見されるものの，前胃の役割は殆ど明らかになっていない．そこで本研究では，大きな前胃と発達した盲腸をもつトリトンハムスター（ Tscherskia triton）の前胃と盲腸内の微生物叢を 16S rRNA遺伝子配列を用いて同定することで，前胃と盲腸の栄養学的な意義を検討した．<br> 前胃および盲腸内容物から抽出した DNAから，16S rRNA遺伝子（約1400bp）を PCR法によって網羅的に増幅し，サブクローニングを経て塩基配列を決定した．前胃から 234クローン，盲腸から268クローンの配列を解析したところ，前胃では Lactobacillus属（乳酸菌）が優占的に検出され，その多様性は大型反芻獣の前胃内微生物叢と比較して極めて低かったのに対して，盲腸内からは多様な微生物種が検出され，草食性の後腸発酵動物であるウサギの盲腸内微生物叢に匹敵する高い多様性が検出された．これらの結果から，トリトンハムスターの盲腸は繊維質分解に寄与していると考えられたが，前胃は大型の前胃発酵動物とは異なる役割を担っていると推測された．同定された微生物叢から推測する限り，前胃内では乳酸発酵が行われており，前胃は盲腸の補助的な発酵槽として機能している可能性も考えられた．
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A case of parturition of Japanese mole, Mogera wogura, in captivity. Reviewed
A. Kashimura, K. Moteki, A. Shinohara, K. Tsuchiya, T. Tkahashi, T. Morita
10 29 - 30 2012.10
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)
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Human paragonimiasis in Viet Nam: epidemiological survey and identification of the responsible species by DNA sequencing of eggs in patients’ sputum. （共著） Reviewed
Pham Ngoc Doanha, Do Trung Dungb, Dang Thi Cam Thachb, Yoichiro Horiic, Akio Shinoharad, Yukifumi Nawa
Parasitology International 60 ( 4 ) 534 - 537 2011.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Seasonal changes in the diet and the diet selectiviry of large Japanese moles, Mogera wogura (Temminck, 1842) Reviewed
A. Kashimura, K. Moteki, A. Shinohara, K. Tsuchiya, T. Takahashi, T. Morita
Japanese Journal of Environmental Entomology and Zoology 21 ( 3 ) 147 - 153 2010.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Subterraniean spatial utilization of the lesser Japanese mole, Mogera imaizumii (Kuroda, 1957) Reviewed
A. Kashimura, K. Moteki, Y. Kitamura, D. Hayashi, Y. Shimoyokkaichi, A. Shinohara, T. Morita, K. Tsuchiya
Japanese Journal of Environmental Entomology and Zoology 21 ( 3 ) 155 - 164 2010.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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A quill vibrating mechanism for a sounding apparatus in the Streaked Tenrec (Hemicentetes semispinosus) Reviewed
H. Endo, D. Koyabu, J. Kimura, F. Rakotondraparany, A. Matsui, T. Yonezawa, A. Shinohara, M. Hasegawa
Zoological Science 27 427 - 432 2010.5
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Effects of bile acids on rat hepatic microsomal type I 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Y. Maeda, S. Naganuma, I. Niina, A. Shinohara, C. Koshimoto, K. Kondo, K. Chijiiwa
Steroids 75 164 - 168 2010.2
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Haga T, Murayama N, Shimizu Y, Saito A, Sakamoto T, Morita T, Komase K, Nakayama T, Uchida K, Katayama T, Shinohara A, Koshimoto C, Sato H, Miyata H, Katahira K, Goto Y
Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases 32 ( 5 ) 395 - 406 2009.9
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：5
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Morphological differences and molecular similarities between Paragonimus bangkokensis and P. harinasutai Reviewed
2) P. N. Doanh, A. Shinohara, Y. Horii, S. Yahiro, S. Habe, N. Vannavong, M. Strobel, S. Nakamura, Y. Nawa
Parasitology Research 105 429 - 439 2009.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Maintenance of fertility in cryopreserved Indian gerbil (Tatera indica) spermatozoa Reviewed
C. Koshimoto, D. Watanabe, A. Shinohara, T. Morita
Cryobiology 58 ( 3 ) 303 - 307 2009.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Discovery of Paragonimus westermani in Vietnam and its molecular phylogenetic status in P. westermani complex Reviewed
P. N. Doanh, A. Shinohara, Y. Horii, S. Habe, Y. Nawa
Parasitology Research 104 ( 5 ) 1149 - 1155 2009.4
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Phylogenetic relationships of the short-faced mole, Scaptochirus moschatus (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla), among Eurasian fossorial moles, as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences Reviewed
A. Shinohara, S. Kawada, M. Harada, K. Koyasu,S. Oda, and H. Suzuki
Mammal Study 33 ( 2 ) 77 - 82 2008.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Sequence analyses of ITS2 and CO1 genes of Paragonimus proliferus obtained in Yunnan province, China, and their similarities with those of P. hokuoensis（共著） Reviewed
B-J. Zhou, B-B.Yang, P. N. Doanh, Z-Q. Yang, Z. Xiang, C-Y. Li, A. Shinohara, Y. Horii, Y. Nawa
Parasitology Research 102 1379 - 1383 2008.5
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Discovery of a new HBB haplotype w2 in a wild-derived house mouse, Mus musculus（共著） Reviewed
J. J. Sato, A. Shinohara, N. Miyashita, C. Koshimoto, K. Tsuchiya, I. Nakahara, T. Morita, H. Yonekawa, K. Moriwaki, Y. Yamaguchi
Mammalian Genome 19 155 - 162 2008.3
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Redescription of the Malaysian mole as to be a true species, Euroscaptor malayana (Insectivora, Talpida). Reviewed
S. Kawada, M. Yasuda, A. Shinohara, L. B. Liat:
Mem. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Tokyo 45 65 - 74 2008.3
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Doanh PN, Shinohara A, Horii Y, Habe S, Nawa Y, Le NT
Parasitology research 102 ( 4 ) 677 - 683 2008.3
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：4
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独立種としてのマレーシアモグラEuroscaptor malayanaの再記載(西太平洋地域の生物多様性インベントリー 第2期:インドネシア及びマレーシア)
川田 伸一郎, 安田 雅俊, 篠原 明男, Lim Boo Liat
国立科学博物館専報 45 65 - 74 2008
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：国立科学博物館
半島マレーシア産のモグラはEuroscaptor属の遠隔地個体群として1940年に記載された.原記載以来,本地域個体群はヒマラヤやタイ国に生息する種の亜種とされるのが一般的で,独立種としての扱いはなされていない.近年発表された形態,核型,分子系統の成果は,半島マレーシア産のモグラが明らかにEuroscaptor属の他種とは異なることを示唆している.本研究では,半島マレーシア産のモグラに関する詳細な形態的記載を行った.半島マレーシアにおいてモグラの主な生息地とされる茶畑の由来に関しても考察を加え,本地域個体群がEuroscaptor属の他種とは明確に異なる形態的特徴を持つ,固有種として位置づけられることを示した.
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Description of a new lung fluke species, Paragonimus vietnamensis sp. nov., found in northern Vietnam（共著）. Reviewed
. N. Doanh, A. Shinohara, Y. Horii, S. Habe, Y. Nawa, D. T. The, N. T. Le
Parasitology Research 101 1495 - 1501 2007.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Doanh PN, Shinohara A, Horii Y, Habe S, Nawa Y, Le NT
Parasitology research 101 ( 6 ) 1495 - 1501 2007.11
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：6
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Ito KM, Okayasu M, Koshimoto C, Shinohara A, Asada Y, Tsuchiya K, Sakamoto T, Ito K
Vascular pharmacology 47 ( 2-3 ) 166 - 173 2007.8
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：2-3
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Revision of the mole genus Mogera (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Talpidae) from Taiwan（共著）. Reviewed
S. Kawada, A. Shinohara, S. Kobayashi, M. Harada, S. Oda and L-K Lin
Systematics and Biodyversity, 5 ( 2 ) 223 - 240 2007.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Doanh PN, Shinohara A, Horii Y, Habe S, Nawa Y, The DT, Le NT
Parasitology research 100 ( 5 ) 1075 - 1082 2007.4
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：5
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My present and future studies on the evolution of the family Talpidae
SHINOHARA Akio
Honyurui Kagaku (Mammalian Science) 46 ( 2 ) 211 - 212 2006.12
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Mammal Society of Japan
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Maeda Y, Shinohara A, Koshimoto C, Chijiiwa K
Steroids 71 ( 5 ) 329 - 333 2006.5
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：5
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An evolutionary view on the Japanese talpids based on nucleotide sequences
Shinohara Akio, Campbell Kevin L., Suzuki Hitoshi
Mammal study = The Continuation of the Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 30 S19 - S24 2005.12
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：日本哺乳類学会
Japanese talpid moles exhibit a remarkable degree of species richness and geographic complexity, and as such, have attracted much research interest by morphologists, cytogeneticists, and molecular phylogeneticists. However, a consensus hypothesis pertaining to the evolutionary history and biogeography of this group remains elusive. Recent phylogenetic studies utilizing nucleotide sequences have provided reasonably consistent branching patterns for Japanese talpids, but have generally suffered from a lack of closely related South-East Asian species for sound biogeographic interpretations. As an initial step in achieving this goal, we constructed phylogenetic trees using publicly accessible mitochondrial and nuclear sequences from seven Japanese taxa, and those of related insular and continental species for which nucleotide data is available. The resultant trees support the view that four lineages (<i>Euroscaptor mizura</i>, <i>Mogera tokuade</i> species group [<i>M. tokudae</i> and <i>M. etigo</i>], <i>M. imaizumii</i>, and <i>M. wogura</i>) migrated separately, and in this order, from the continental Asian mainland to Japan. The close relationship of <i>M. tokudae</i> and <i>M. etigo</i> suggests these lineages diverged recently through a vicariant event between Sado Island and Echigo plain. The origin of the two endemic lineages of Japanese shrew-moles, <i>Urotrichus talpoides </i>and <i>Dymecodon pilirostris</i>, remains ambiguous. Further analyses on intra-species diversity are necessary to fully solve the evolutionary histories of Japanese moles and shrew-moles.<br>
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Kawada Shin-ichiro, Shinohara Akio, Yasuda Masatoshi, ODA Sen-ichi, LIAT Lim Boo
Mammal study = The Continuation of the Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 30 ( 2 ) 109 - 115 2005.12
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：日本哺乳類学会
We report the first karyological description of a southeast Asian mole, the Malaysian mole (<i>Euroscaptor micrura malayana</i>). The karyotype of the Malaysian mole includes 36 chromosomes, which consist of 18 biarmed and 16 acrocentric autosomes and the sex pair. The sex chromosomes are a small meta-submetacentric X chromosome and a minute dot-like Y chromosome, although the latter is somewhat larger than that of some talpid allies. Autosomal complements include one pair of NOR-bearing chromosomes. A comparative G-banding analysis with the Japanese congener <i>E. mizura</i> showed that these two species share high G-banding homology, and their differences on two pairs of chromosomes are explained by a single reciprocal translocation. The karyological similarity of these distant geographic species is discussed in a systematic and evolutionary context, based on comparisons to other species distributed between them.<br>
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The utilization of temperature monitoring system originally devised for food administration, as a simple and cost effective technique in animal facilities
Yutaka Nakamura, Akio Shinohara, Chihiro Koshimoto, Tetsuo Morita
60 - 63 2005.12
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)
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MtDNA phylogeny and biogeography of Greater Japanese shrew-mole
Akio Shinohara
Abstracts of the Plenary Symposium, Poster and Oral papers presented IMC9 164 2005.7
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
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Molecular phylogeny of the Talpidae based on nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences
Akio Shinohara, Kevin L. Campbell, Hitoshi Suzuki
Abstracts of the Plenary Symposium, Poster and Oral papers presented IMC9 117 - 118 2005.7
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
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An evolutionary view on the Japanese talpids based on nucleotide sequences Reviewed
Akio Shinohara, Hitoshi Suzuki, Kevin L. Campbell
Mammal Study 30 S19 - S24 2005.3
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Shinohara Akio, Kawada Shin-ichiro, Yasuda Masatoshi, LIAT Lim Boo
Mammal study = The Continuation of the Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 29 ( 2 ) 185 - 189 2004.12
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：日本哺乳類学会
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New record on the Japanese harvest mouse in Miyazaki Prefecture
Daisuke Watanabe, Tetsuo Morita, Aya Nishiwaki, Akio Shinohara, Kimiyuki Tsuchiya
5 39 - 40 2004.12
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Shinohara A, Suzuki H, Tsuchiya K, Zhang YP, Luo J, Jiang XL, Wang YX, Campbell KL
Zoological science 21 ( 12 ) 1177 - 1185 2004.12
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：12
DOI： 10.2108/zsj.21.1177
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Effect of aging and exogenous fat supply on the blood lipids in Apodemus hyperlipidemic (AHL) mouse Reviewed
Akio Shinohara, Chihiro Koshimoto, Yutaka Nakamura, Kimiyuki Tsuchiya
Kyusyu Journal of Experimental Animals 20 21 - 26 2004.10
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Identification of tissue-embedded ascarid larvae by ribosomal DNA sequencing.
Ishiwata K, Shinohara A, Yagi K, Horii Y, Tsuchiya K, Nawa Y
Parasitology research 92 ( 1 ) 50 - 52 2004.1
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：1
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The mole of Peninsular Malaysia : notes on its identification and ecology
Kawada Shin-ichiro, Shinohara Akio, Yasuda Masatoshi, ODA Sen-ichi, LIAT Lim Boo
Mammal study 28 ( 1 ) 73 - 77 2003.6
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：日本哺乳類学会
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Molecular phylogenetic relationships of moles, shrew moles, and desmans from the new and old worlds.
Shinohara A, Campbell KL, Suzuki H
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 27 ( 2 ) 247 - 258 2003.5
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：2
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TSUCHIYA Kimiyuki, SUZUKI Hitoshi, SHINOHARA Akio, HARADA Masashi, WAKANA Shigeharu, SAKAIZUMI Mitsuru, HAN Sang-Hoon, LIN Liang-Kong, KRYUKOV Alexei P.
Genes & Genetic Systems 75 ( 1 ) 17 - 24 2000.2
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Genetics Society of Japan
Taxonomic analysis has previously revealed that the species of moles that inhabit Japan are characterized by exceptional species richness and a high level of endemism. Here, we focused on the evolutionary history of the four Japanese mole species of the genera <i>Euroscapter</i> and <i>Mogera</i>, examining mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b</i> (cyt <i>b</i>) gene sequences and comparing them with those of continental <i>Mogera wogura</i> (Korean and Russian populations), <i>M. insularis</i> from Taiwan, and <i>Talpa europaea</i> and <i>T. altaica</i> from the western and central Eurasian continent, respectively. Our data support the idea that in a radiation center somewhere on the Eurasian continent, a parental stock evolved to modern mole-like morph and radiated several times intermittently during the course of the evolution, spreading its branches to other peripheral geographic domains at each stage of the radiation. Under this hypothesis, the four lineages of Japanese mole species, <i>E. mizura</i>, <i>M. tokudae</i>, <i>M. imaizumii</i>, and <i>M. wogura</i>, could be explained to have immigrated to Japan in this order. <i>Mogera wogura</i> and <i>M. imaizumii</i> showed substantial amounts of geographic variation and somewhat complicated distributions of the cyt <i>b</i> gene types. These intraspecific variations are likely to be associated with the expansion processes of moles in the Japanese Islands during the Pleistocene glacial ages.<br>
DOI： 10.1266/ggs.75.17