Papers - KODAMA Yuki
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Comparative analysis of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants born in Japan and born to mothers of Japanese ethnicity in California Reviewed International coauthorship
Kusuda S., Bennett M.V., Gould J.B., Yara A., Nakasone K., Oshiro T., Kisato Y., Tokuhisa T., Maruyama Y., Yanagibe S., Kodama Y., Goushi M., Iida K., Fukushima N., Iwai M., Inomata K., Ogata T., Kinoshita F., Sumi M., Aoki M., Takayanagi T., Kokubo T., Kawano H., Takahata Y., Kanda H., Unno M., Suga S., Hikino T., Nakashima T., Ochiai M., Kinoshita M., Nakata Y., Kondo Y., Motoki T., Akiyoshi S., Matsuda O., Kuboi T., Koyano K., Saijo T., Yamagami T., Terada T., Tateishi H., Takahashi K., Hasegawa K., Fukunaga S., Tahara M., Sera Y., Hayakawa S., Nishimura Y., Fukuhara R., Sugimoto M., Tokumasu H., Nakano T., Kageyama M., Takemoto K., Kanai R., Hasegawa Y., Miura M., Tamura A., Kumagaya K., Nishikubo T., Ohashi T., Yoshimoto S., Utsunomiya T., Ioroi T., Fujioka K., Yamakawa M., Okutani T., Kataoka D., Morisawa T., Nabetani M., Michinomae Y., Mizumoto H., Hirano S., Kusumoto Y., Okabe H., Yoshii M., Ichiba H., Kim T., Onishi S., Ogihara A., Takatera A., Sumi K., Tokunaga Y., Yoshinare R., Ogawa S., Negi R., Mine K., Minami H., Sumida H., Kai M., Yamakawa T., Adachi S., Nozaki K., Komatsu H., Nishimura A., Hasegawa R., Kinoshita D., Araki R., Shiomi K.
Scientific Reports 15 ( 1 ) 2025.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Scientific Reports
Infants born in Japan are reported to have a low incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) among countries, and these differences remained significant after adjusting for common clinical factors. To investigate the impact of ethnic background, we compared the incidence of NEC between infants born in Japan and those born to mothers of Japanese ethnicity in California. Preterm infants born between 2008 and 2019 at 22–29 weeks of gestational age were analyzed retrospectively. Four groups were analyzed: infants born in Japan (JP), infants born in California to mothers born in Japan (JP-J), infants born in California to mothers with Japanese ethnicity but born in the United States or another country (JP-CA), and a comparison group of infants born in California to non-Hispanic White mothers (NHW-CA). Each cohort consisted of 52,049, 115, 226, and 12,275 infants, respectively. Unadjusted NEC incidences were significantly lower in JP compared to the other three cohorts (1.7% JP, 4.5% JP-J, 4.6% JP-CA, and 3.3% NHW-CA, respectively; p < 0.01). After adjusting for confounding factors, odds ratios for NEC in JP vs. JP-J, JP-CA, and NHW-CA were 3.04 (1.18–7.80), 2.89 (1.45–5.75), and 1.96 (1.56–2.47), respectively. This study suggests that differences in NEC incidence in Japan are not explained by ethnicity. Clinical trial regstration number: Registration numbers is UMIN000006961 (https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000008217) for the Neonatal Research Network of Japan. However, the the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative (CPQCC) aims only to assess neonatal outcomes for the purpose of quality assessment and improvement. So, no clinical trial number is available. Please refer to the web site https://www.cpqcc.org/.
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Fetal heart rate patterns complicated by chorioamnionitis and subsequent cerebral palsy in Japan Reviewed
Yamaguchi-Goto T., Ohashi M., Kodama Y., Sameshima H.
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 49 ( 2 ) 625 - 634 2023.2
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research
Aim: This retrospective study was performed to investigate whether certain fetal heart rate patterns were associated with subsequent cerebral palsy (CP) in infants with chorioamnionitis at or near term. Methods: We used cases registered by the Japan Obstetric Compensation System for CP, which is a nationwide population-based database. Among them, 133 infants with chorioamnionitis who were born at ≥34 weeks of gestation were enrolled. All infants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and all fetal heart rate charts had been interpreted according to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development criteria, focusing on antepartum and immediately before delivery. Results: The incidence of CP after chorioamnionitis at ≥34 weeks of gestation was 0.3 per 10 000 in Japan. Between the clinical (24%) and subclinical groups (76%), the incidence of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns did not differ. According to the MRI classification, 88% of the infants with CP showed hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. Half of the infants with CP experienced terminal bradycardia, leading to severe acidosis and exclusively to hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. In another half, who did not experience bradycardia, 80% had moderate acidosis (pH 7.00–7.20) resulting in hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, and the remaining 20% showed non-acidosis resulting in brain damage other than hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. The fetal heart rate patterns before the terminal bradycardia showed that the incidence rates of late deceleration or decreased variability were high (>60%). Conclusion: Fifty percent of pregnant women with chorioamnionitis-related CP had terminal bradycardia that exclusively resulted in hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy.
DOI： 10.1111/jog.15508
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Muraoka J., Kaneko M., Doi K., Kodama Y., Sameshima H.
Microbiology Research 13 ( 3 ) 598 - 608 2022.9
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Microbiology Research
The use of prenatal antibiotics should be carefully considered, owing to their potential adverse effects on neonatal outcomes. This study aimed to identify the contributing factors to early-onset neonatal infection and to determine the influence of antepartum antibiotics on women and neonates. This study included 127 pregnant women without obvious intra-amniotic infection on admission, who delivered under 34 weeks of gestation. Information on maternal and neonatal characteristics was obtained from their medical charts. Vaginal swabs were taken from all women on admission. In total, 29 (22.8%) neonates developed early-onset infection. Multivariate analysis revealed that antepartum antibiotics were the most strongly associated factor for early-onset neonatal infection (odds ratio, 11.2; 95% confidence interval, 4.08–31.02). The frequency of early-onset neonatal infection was significantly higher in women who received antibiotic therapy than in those who did not; no significant difference in prolonging their gestation or neonatal morbidities was observed. The prevalence of women who hosted vaginal microorganisms on admission was similar to that in women whose infants subsequently developed early-onset neonatal infection compared with that of women whose infants did not. Among infants of the 40 women who received antepartum antibiotic therapy, 21 developed early-onset infection. Of the women who delivered these 21 infants, 62% (13/21) showed reduced lactobacilli and 43% (9/21) had resistant bacterial strains in their vaginal microbiota at the time of delivery. The use of antepartum antibiotics is the most strongly associated factor in early-onset neonatal infection; it does not prolong gestation and would change the vaginal environment.
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Novel SKIC3 variants in tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome with hemochromatosis. Reviewed
Ochiai K, Aoki Y, Yamada N, Aman M, Yamashita A, Yamaguchi M, Nakato D, Takenouchi T, Kosaki K, Kodama Y, Moritake H
Human genome variation 12 ( 1 ) 14 2025.7
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Human Genome Variation
Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome (THES), a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by variants in the SKIC3 or SKIC2 gene, is characterized by intractable diarrhea, woolly hair, growth restriction and liver disease. Here we report a neonatal case of THES with neonatal hemochromatosis, in which the novel compound heterozygous SKIC3 variants NM_014639.4:c.815_816del p.(Gly272AlafsTer9) and NM_014639.4:c.2284G>A p.(Gly762Arg) were identified. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying iron metabolism dysregulation in THES.
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Trends in the causes of stillbirths over 20 years in Southern Japan Reviewed
Kino Emi, Maki Yohei, Yamada Naoshi, Kodama Yuki, Katsuragi Shinji, Sameshima Hiroshi, Ikenoue Tsuyomu
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 25 654 2025.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Background
This study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in order to facilitate the development of perinatal strategies to prevent stillbirths in Japan.
Methods
This was a population-based retrospective study. Cases of perinatal death and neurological damage were reported by perinatal centers and primary birth clinics, followed by their peer review and audit, and final registration in the database. Data for stillbirths, defined as fetal death at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2020, were extracted from the database. Causes of stillbirths were reclassified according to the ReCoDe system. Temporal trends in the causes of stillbirths per 1,000 births and proportion of the causes were evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test.
Results
Over the 20 years, in the study region, a total of 205,025 were delivered at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation, and 569 were stillborn (2.8 per 1,000 births). The most common cause of stillbirth was “no relevant condition identified” in 39.5% cases, followed by “abruption” in 12.3%, “lethal congenital anomaly” in 9.5%, and “umbilical cord, other” in 5.8%. The trends in stillbirths caused by “fetal growth restriction,” “abruption,” “asphyxia,” and “no relevant condition identified” significantly decreased. However, no change in trend due to “lethal congenital anomaly” was seen. The stillbirth trend caused by “cord, other” significantly increased. The proportion of stillbirths related to unidentified causes remained unchanged.
Conclusions
Over the 20-year period, the rate of stillbirths caused by abruption, fetal growth restriction, and asphyxia, which can be reduced by early detection and intervention, decreased. The incidence of stillbirths caused by cord constriction increased. Investigations to prevent cord-accident stillbirths would be required to further reduce stillbirths in the study region. Establishment of algorithms that allow the identification of the causes of stillbirths would be crucial to reduce instances of stillbirths due to unidentified causes. -
宮崎県における子宮内胎児死亡と糖代謝異常合併妊娠に関する後方視的研究 Reviewed
山田直史，児玉由紀，鮫島浩，桂木真司
糖尿病と妊娠 25 ( 1 ) 8 - 13 2025.2
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Aoki Y., Kota Y., Shimada M., Taniguchi T., Yamauchi S., Matsusaka M., Hamasuna K., Watanabe Y., Kodama Y., Moritake H.
Children 12 ( 2 ) 2025.2
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Children
Background: Preterm infants often have unstable vital signs and prolonged hospital stays that can hinder parent–infant bonding, especially under COVID-19 restrictions. This study aimed to evaluate whether listening to songs recorded by parents was effective in stabilizing the condition of premature infants. Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted at the University of Miyazaki Hospital from October 2022 to March 2024 during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The participants were preterm infants born at less than 33 weeks gestation and their parents, all of whom recorded songs. The recorded songs were played daily to the infants in the intervention group, while the control group received usual care. Primary outcomes included vital signs (respiratory rate, pulse oximetry saturation, heart rate) and activity level. Results: Data for 33 preterm infants (intervention, n = 17 [total 749 sessions]; control, n = 16 [total 721 sessions]) were analyzed for changes in vital signs and activity levels. The intervention reduced infants’ respiratory rates (4.1 [95% CI: 2.5–5.6], p < 0.001) and slightly but statistically significantly increased pulse oximetry saturation (0.6 [95% CI: 0.02–1.2], p < 0.044). Conclusions: Recorded parental songs were found to safely stabilize the respiratory status of preterm infants and may serve as an accessible intervention to support parent–infant attachment, particularly in settings with restricted parental visitation.
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Arima M., Inoue H., Misumi A., Tsukamoto S., Matsushita I., Araki S., Ohta M., Takahashi K., Imazato M., Goto T., Aoki Y., Tagawa K., Hirose M., Fujita Y., Yoshida N., Nakao S., Kondo H., Kusuhara K., Kimura K., Hasegawa S., Ikeda Y., Kodama Y., Moritake H., Ochiai M., Ohga S., Kishimoto J., Todaka K., Ieiri I., Sonoda K.H.
Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 68 ( 5 ) 490 - 499 2024.9
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology
Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of ripasudil for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Study design: Phase 1/2, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, 12-week clinical trial. Methods: Infants born with gestational age (GA) of ≤ 32 weeks or weight of ≤ 1500 g with zone I or II, ≥ stage 1, ROP in both eyes were enrolled. Ripasudil eye drops were administered to patients in both eyes. Phase 1 was a dose-escalation study (once daily for 1 week, then twice daily for 2 weeks); an additional dosing up to 9 weeks was allowed if no safety issues occurred. In phase 2, ripasudil was administered twice daily for up to 12 weeks. Adverse events were assessed. The proportion of patients with type 1 ROP progression, number of days for type 1 ROP progression, and progression to the most advanced ROP stage were estimated. Results: Twenty-four infants were enrolled (phase 1, n = 3; phase 2, n = 21). Nineteen and four patients experienced systemic and ocular adverse events, respectively. Efficacy endpoints were not different between the ripasudil and historical control groups. However, in the GA ≤ 27 weeks subgroup, fewer patients progressed to type 1 ROP in the ripasudil than in the historical control group (P = 0.09). In the GA ≤ 27 weeks subgroups, the 25th percentile for the number of days for type 1 ROP progression was 22 days in the historical control group and 44 days in the ripasudil group. Conclusion: Ripasudil was safe and inhibited/delayed type 1 ROP progression, especially in infants with short GA.
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妊婦の新型コロナウイルス感染症～中等度Ⅰ母体に発症した胎児機能不全の一例～ Reviewed
児玉由紀
宮崎県医師会医学会誌 48 ( 1 ) 71 - 76 2024.3
Publishing type：Case report
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生後9ヶ月まで生存したThanatophoric dysplasiaの一例 Reviewed
児玉由紀
宮崎県医師会医学会誌 47 ( 2 ) 186 - 190 2023.9
Publishing type：Case report
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Cell-medated and humoral immune responses to human cytomegalovirus in pregnant women with vertically transmitted infection following primary infection: A case report. Reviewed
Yuki Kodama
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 29 1071 - 1074 2023.9
Publishing type：Case report
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Yamada N, Kaneko M, Yang L, Matsuzawa S, Minematsu T, Kodama Y
Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 2023.7
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the major cause of neurological sequelae in infants. Immune control of primary HCMV infection appears to depend on the interaction between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. We report the case of an HCMV-transmitter mother observed with dissociation between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The patient had immunoglobulin (Ig) G and M positivity at 11 weeks of gestation and showed fetal hyperechoic bowel and minimal ascites at 21 weeks of gestation. At 25 weeks of gestation, the polymerase chain reaction result for HCMV using amniotic fluid was positive. The numbers of spots in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay at 25, 36, and 39 weeks of gestation were three, five, and six spots/2 × 105 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. Furthermore, IgG avidity indexes (AIs) at 21, 25, 36, and 39 weeks of gestation were 37.6, 49.7, 72.5, and 74.3, respectively. At 40+1 weeks of gestation, the patient delivered a symptomatic infected newborn with a weight of 2,384 g (−2.6 SD) and a head circumference of 30 cm (−2.6 SD). The neonate had a petechial rash and bilateral hearing loss although did not show liver dysfunction or thrombocytopenia. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed mild ventriculomegaly, left lateral/parietal polymicrogyria, and a punctate white matter lesion. This case showed that IgG AI increased with increasing gestational age, whereas the numbers of spots in the ELISPOT assay had no change. The dissociation between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses may be characteristic of the immune response of a transmitter mother.
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Sakakibara Kouhei, Yamada Naoshi, Kodama Yuki, Obata Shizuka, Tsuzuki Yasue, Muraoka Junsuke, Aoki Yoshinori, Yamashita Rie, Nakame Kazuhiko, Kaneko Masatoki, Katsuragi Shinji, Tsuzuki Ryo, Sato Yuichiro
Journal of Japan Society of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine 59 ( 1 ) 116 - 121 2023
Authorship：Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Society of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine
Here we report a case of pulmonary lymphangiectasia that caused exacerbation of respiratory status after an infection. A preterm infant born at 23 weeks of gestation without obvious clinical intrauterine infection showed worsening respiratory status and increased c-reactive protein on day 15 of life. Chest X-ray showed consolidation in right upper lobe and whole left lung. Several broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered unsuccessfully. Finally, <i>Ureaplasma urealyticum</i> was detected in sputum culture, and azithromycin was administered. Although the inflammation improved, tension pneumothorax and pulmonary hypertension developed and he died on day 44 of life. At autopsy, there were few findings of lung inflammation, and congenital lymphangiectasia was diagnosed. It seems that exacerbation was triggered by the infection, although there was no remarkable evidence to support causality. There have been few case reports of pulmonary lymphangiectasia in extremely low birth weight infants. This case was considered to be classified as primary, although the respiratory condition at birth was relatively good. There are no clear diagnostic criteria for this disease and no effective treatments. Clinically, neonatologists should keep in mind pulmonary lymphangiectasia if respiratory failure in newborns does not respond to common treatment approach.
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Antepartum antibiotic therapy under 34 weeks of gestation and its impact on early-onset neonatal infection and maternal vaginal microbiota Reviewed
Yuki Kodama
Microbiological Reserch 13 598 - 608 2022.8
Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Tomimori-Gi K, Katsuragi S, Kodama Y, Yamada N, Sameshima H, Maekawa K, Yamashita A, Gi T, Sato Y
Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 481 ( 5 ) 713 - 720 2022.7
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Virchows Archiv
Preeclampsia, a multisystem pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder, results in significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This condition is associated with placental histopathological abnormalities and particularly affects the decidual spiral arteries. Reportedly, aspirin prevents preeclampsia, specifically early-onset preeclampsia, although findings in decidual arteries in women treated with aspirin therapy remain unclear. We compared the clinical and histopathological placental findings between women with a history of preeclampsia, who did and did not receive low-dose aspirin therapy (LDA and non-LDA groups, respectively). We identified 26 women with a history of preeclampsia; 9 women received LDA (aspirin ≤ 100 mg/day, initiated at < 16 weeks, LDA group), and 17 women did not receive LDA (non-LDA group). The mean gestational age was higher (36.7 weeks vs. 32.3 weeks, P = 0.0221) and the incidence of preeclampsia was lower (11% vs. 59%, P = 0.0362) in the LDA than in the non-LDA group. Histopathologically, the incidence of decidual arteriopathy, particularly that of fibrinoid necrosis and thrombosis, was lower in the LDA than in the non-LDA group (44% vs. 88%, P = 0.0283). Immunohistologically, endothelial marker (CD31 and CD39) expression was stronger in the LDA than in the non-LDA group. Notably, we observed no significant intergroup differences in inflammatory changes (chronic perivasculitis, protease-activated receptor 1 expression, and CD3-positive cells). This study highlights that LDA inhibits hypertension-induced endothelial injury and thrombosis, and thereby protects maternal placental perfusion and prevents preeclampsia.
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Association between Chorioamnionitis Severity and Procalcitonin Levels in Umbilical Venous Blood Reviewed
Kaneko M., Muraoka J., Yamada N., Kodama Y.
Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology 49 ( 7 ) 2022.7
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology
Background: Procalcitonin can effectively differentiate between bacterial sepsis and a systemic inflammatory response syndrome of noninfectious origins in the adult. However, the usefulness of procalcitonin in perinatal field is not determined. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether procalcitonin levels in the umbilical blood reflect the severity of chorioamnionitis and to assess their correlation with perinatal outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 145 pregnant women with singleton pregnancies and their neonates at a tertiary center between September 2010 and March 2013. Procalcitonin levels in the umbilical blood were measured by an immunoluminometric assay. The severity of chorioamnionitis was classified by the histological stage and grade for maternal and fetal inflammatory responses. Procalcitonin levels were evaluated according to the severity of chorioamnionitis; and the association with neonatal sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), neonatal death within 28 days of life, and periventricular leukomalacia was investigated. Results: In total, 28 women (19%) had chorioamnionitis, of which 21 (75%) delivered at less than 34 weeks of gestation. Fetal response in those with chorioamnionitis was correlated with maternal response. Procalcitonin levels in the group with fetal stage 2 and 3 or grade 2 responses were significantly higher than those infants with any other stage or grade. The frequency of neonatal sepsis, IVH stage III or IV, and neonatal death significantly increased (p < 0.01), when a Procalcitonin level of ≥2 ng/mL was obtained. Conclusions: Procalcitonin levels in the umbilical blood reflect the severity of chorioamnionitis and are associated with neonatal outcomes such as neonatal sepsis, neonatal death, and severe IVH. When PCT level in umbilical venous blood show the high value of ≥2 ng/mL, it might be required that antibiotics therapy is initiated immediately after birth.
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Association between chorioamnionitis severity and procalcitonin levels in umbilical venous blood Reviewed
Yuki Kodama
Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology 49 ( 7 ) 16 2022.7
Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Low-dose aspirin therapy improves decidual arteriopathy in pregnant women with a history of preeclampsia Reviewed
Yuki Kodama
Virchows Archiv 481 713 - 720 2022.7
Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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Tomimori K., Kodama Y., Tanaka H., Yamashita A., Gi T., Asada Y., Doi K., Katsuragi S., Sato Y.
Virchows Archiv 480 ( 6 ) 1181 - 1187 2022.6
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Virchows Archiv
Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM), also known as transient myeloproliferative disorder or transient leukemia, is a self-regressing neoplasia that afflicts infants with trisomy 21. A recent review article documented “myeloid cell thrombus (MCT)” and “fetal vascular malperfusion (FVM)” in placentas with TAM, although the characteristic TAM placental findings have not been clarified. Here, we compared the clinical and pathological placental findings between trisomy 21 patients with or without TAM. In 13 cases of trisomy 21, we identified six placentas with TAM and seven placentas without TAM. The six placentas with TAM included two stillborn cases. Microscopically, MCT was noted in all the cases, and a high incidence of FVM (50%) was observed in TAM cases. Immunohistochemically, MCT was found to be a platelet-rich thrombus. The placentas were grouped according to the presence or absence of TAM and subsequently compared. Clinically, the incidences of abnormal fetal heart rate pattern and fetal or neonatal death were significantly higher in TAM cases. Pathologically, placenta in TAM cases weighted more than those in cases without TAM, and the incidence of MCT was significantly higher in placentas with TAM. Moreover, the incidence of FVM was higher in placentas with TAM, but this difference was not statistically significant. We propose that MCT is a diagnostic feature of placentas with TAM and may be associated with poor fetal outcomes.
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C4d deposition and CD39 downregulation in the placental infection by SARS-CoV-2 Reviewed
Yuki Kodama
Pathology International 72 267 - 269 2022.4
Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)